name,group,field,sex,birth_year,work_year,age_at_work,work,prize,prize_year,age_at_prize,wait_years,year_source,year_source_url,wikidata_id,nobel_id,note
Adolf von Baeyer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1835,1865,30,"Baeyer, work on indigo begun 1865",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1905,70,40,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1905/baeyer/biographical/,Q57078,164,"Start of the dye work (facts: 'Beginning in the 1860s'); indole and partial indigo synthesis followed. Year of start, not of a named paper."
Wilhelm Ostwald,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1853,1875,22,"Ostwald, mass action and chemical affinity (from 1875); catalysis from 1883",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1909,56,34,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1909/ostwald/biographical/,Q12658,168,"Motivation includes 'fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction'. His lecture dates his first catalysis study to 1883 ('one of my first studies in chemical dynamics, in 1883'); use 1883 if only catalysis counts."
Emil Fischer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1852,1882,30,"E. Fischer, purine work begun 1882 (sugars from 1884)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1902,50,20,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/,Q70554,161,"Bio: purine work 'carried out between 1882 and 1906'; sugar work began 1884. Facts also mention phenylhydrazine (1877 on the facts page), the reagent he later used on sugars; not counted."
Svante Arrhenius,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1859,1883,24,"Arrhenius, doctoral thesis on electrolytic conductivity (proposed 1883, published 1884)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1903,44,20,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1903/arrhenius/facts/,Q80956,162,Lecture: 'In 1884 I gave a paper dealing with this subject'; bio: thesis (1884). Facts dates the proposal to 1883; speech: 'Around 1880'.
Henri Moissan,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1852,1884,32,"Moissan, fluorine chemistry from 1884; fluorine isolated 1886",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1906,54,22,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1906/moissan/biographical/,Q102804,165,Speech: 'in 1886 Moissan found the way to an ultimate solution' (isolation). Use 1886 if only the isolation counts. The electric furnace (also in the motivation) came later (1890s).
Jacobus H. van 't Hoff,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1852,1884,32,"van 't Hoff, Études de dynamique chimique (1884)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1901,49,17,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1901/hoff/biographical/,Q102822,160,Chemical dynamics 1884; osmotic-pressure/dilute-solution theory 1885 (same bio). His lecture says the osmotic work was done '15 years ago' (c. 1886). His 1874-75 stereochemistry is not in the motivation.
Otto Wallach,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1847,1884,37,"Wallach, first terpene paper (1884)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1910,63,26,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1910/wallach/biographical/,Q57127,169,Speech: 'Wallach started working in this field as early as 1884.'
Theodore W. Richards,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1868,1887,19,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1914,46,27,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1914/richards/lecture/,Q189465,175,"Li et al. 2019 give 1903 (revision des atomgewichtes von casium); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1887: ""The result, published in 1887, was, however, in this respect entirely negative."""
Alfred Werner,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1866,1893,27,"Werner, coordination theory (1893)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1913,47,20,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1913/werner/facts/,Q123014,174,Speech centres on the coordination theory. His 1890 thesis on the spatial arrangement of atoms in nitrogen compounds (bio) is earlier stereochemistry; use 1890 if it counts.
Sir William Ramsay,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1852,1894,42,"Rayleigh & Ramsay, argon (announced August 1894)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1904,52,10,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1904/ramsay/biographical/,Q950726,163,"Lecture: 'led me, in 1894, to suggest to Lord Rayleigh a reason for the high density'; helium 1895."
Eduard Buchner,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1860,1897,37,"Buchner, Über alkoholische Gärung ohne Hefezellen (sent 9 Jan 1897)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1907,47,10,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1907/buchner/biographical/,Q43917,166,Discovery in the autumn of 1896; first yeast-rupture experiments in 1893 (bio).
Paul Sabatier,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1854,1897,43,"Sabatier (with Senderens), hydrogenation of ethylene over reduced nickel (June 1897)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1912,58,15,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1912/sabatier/lecture/,Q104575,173,"Lecture; his earlier metal-gas work (nitrogen peroxide on metals, about 1894; the 1896 attempt with Moureu) is not hydrogenation."
Marie Curie,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1867,1898,31,"M. & P. Curie, polonium and radium announced (1898)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1911,44,13,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/biographical/,Q7186,6,"Her 1911 lecture: 'In 1897, using this method of measurement, I undertook a study of the radiation of uranium compounds' (start of the work) and cites the 1898 Comptes rendus notes. Radium metal isolated 1910 (facts)."
Victor Grignard,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1871,1900,29,regarding some new organometallic combinations of magnesium and their application to alcohol synthesis and hydrocarbides.,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1912,41,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104582,172,
Ernest Rutherford,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1871,1902,31,lxxxiv the radioactivity of thorium compounds ii the cause and nature of radioactivity,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1908,37,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q9123,167,
Richard Zsigmondy,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1865,1902,37,uber sichtbarmachung und grosenbestimmung ultramikoskopischer teilchen mit besonderer anwendung auf goldrubinglaser,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1925,60,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78481,182,
Fritz Haber,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1868,1905,37,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1918,50,13,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/haber-lecture.pdf,Q57075,177,"Li et al. 2019 give 1913 (uber die technische darstellung von ammoniak aus den elementen); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1905: ""With a content of about 5% the circulation process described in 1905 was no longer a description of a method of synthesis"""
Fritz Pregl,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1869,1905,36,method of determination of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1923,54,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78482,181,
Arthur Harden,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1865,1906,41,the alcoholic ferment of yeast juice,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1929,64,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189803,186,
Walther Nernst,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1864,1911,47,spezifische warme und quantentheorie,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1920,56,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57125,178,
Peter Debye,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1884,1912,28,zur theorie der spezifischen warmen,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1936,52,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q103835,195,
Carl Bosch,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1874,1913,39,ABSORBING AMMONIA AND APPARATUS THEREFOR,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1931,57,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76606,189,
Frederick Soddy,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1877,1913,36,the origin of actinium,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1921,44,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102830,179,
Friedrich Bergius,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1884,1913,29,formation of anthracite,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1931,47,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76614,190,
Richard Willstätter,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1872,1913,41,zur kenntnis der hydrolyse von cellulose i,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1915,43,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77072,176,
Irving Langmuir,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1881,1917,36,the constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1932,51,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184286,191,
Sir Robert Robinson,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1886,1917,31,lxxv a theory of the mechanism of the phytochemical synthesis of certain alkaloids,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1947,61,30,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q49351,207,
Francis W. Aston,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1877,1919,42,the possibility of separating isotopes.,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1922,45,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102291,180,
Hermann Staudinger,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1881,1919,38,uber neue organische phosphorverbindungen iii phosphinmethylenderivate und phosphinimine,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1953,72,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48956,216,
Leopold Ruzicka,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1887,1920,33,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1939,52,19,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ruzicka-lecture.pdf,Q122996,200,"Li et al. 2019 give 1923 (hohere terpenverbindungen viii uber die konstitution des nerolidols peruviol); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1920: ""In 1920 we started work on a broad basis on sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and subsequently also on triterpenes"""
Heinrich Wieland,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1877,1922,45,uber den mechanismus der oxydationsvorgange,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1927,50,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76610,184,
George de Hevesy,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1885,1923,38,the absorption and translocation of lead by plants a contribution to the application of the method of radioactive indicators in the investigation of the change of substance in plants,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1943,58,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76951,201,
The Svedberg,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1884,1923,39,determination of size and distribution of size of particle by centrifugal methods,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1926,42,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q186391,183,
Adolf Windaus,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1876,1924,48,untersuchungen uber die konstitution des colchicins,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1928,52,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77142,185,
Jaroslav Heyrovsky,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1890,1924,34,the processes at the mercury dropping cathode part i the deposition of metals,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1959,69,35,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157701,223,
Hans von Euler-Chelpin,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1873,1926,53,enzymatische spaltung von dipeptiden ii,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1929,56,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76613,187,
James B. Sumner,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1887,1926,39,the isolation and crystallization of the enzyme urease preliminary paper,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1946,59,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106756,204,
Kurt Alder,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1902,1928,26,synthesen in der hydroaromatischen reihe,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1950,48,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76595,211,
Linus Pauling,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1901,1928,27,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1954,53,26,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/pauling-lecture.pdf,Q48983,217,"Li et al. 2019 give 1951 (the structure of proteins two hydrogen bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1928: ""1. L. Pauling, The Shared-Electron Chemical Bond, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., 14 (1928)359-362."""
Norman Haworth,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1883,1928,45,lxxxiii polysaccharides part i the structure of inulin,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1937,54,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q204600,196,
Otto Diels,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1876,1928,52,synthesen in der hydroaromatischen reihe,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1950,74,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76616,210,
John H. Northrop,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1891,1929,38,a method for the determination of diffusion constants and the calculation of the radius and weight of the hemoglobin molecule,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1946,55,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106399,205,
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1897,1930,33,further investigations on the kinetics of gaseous oxidation reactions,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1956,59,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48986,219,
Lars Onsager,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1903,1931,28,reciprocal relations in irreversible processes ii,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1968,65,37,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107405,236,
Paul Karrer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1889,1931,42,zur kenntnis des vitamins a aus fischtranen,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1937,48,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q73093,197,
Artturi Virtanen,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1895,1932,37,the enzymatic fission and synthesis of asparaginic acid.,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1945,50,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157239,203,
Harold C. Urey,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1893,1932,39,a hydrogen isotope of mass 2,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1934,41,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q179777,192,
Richard Kuhn,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1900,1933,33,mikro bestimmung von acetyl benzoyl und c methylgruppen,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1938,38,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78483,198,
William F. Giauque,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1895,1933,38,attainment of temperatures below 1 absolute by demagnetization ofgd2 so4 3 8h2o,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1949,54,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110073,209,
Adolf Butenandt,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1903,1934,31,uberfuhrung des pregnandiols in corpus luteum hormon,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1939,36,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q5327,199,
Frédéric Joliot,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1900,1934,34,artificial production of a new kind of radio element,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1935,35,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q150989,193,
Irène Joliot-Curie,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1897,1934,37,. Production artificielle d'lments radioactifs - II. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des lments,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1935,38,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q7504,194,
Nikolay Semenov,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1896,1935,39,Chemical kinetics and chain reactions,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1956,60,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48990,220,
Paul J. Flory,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1910,1936,26,molecular size distribution in linear condensation polymers1,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1974,64,38,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q176351,246,
Wendell M. Stanley,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1904,1936,32,the inactivation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1946,42,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105937,206,
Arne Tiselius,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1902,1937,35,electrophoresis of serum globulin electrophoretic analysis of normal and immune sera,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1948,46,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233026,208,
Otto Hahn,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1879,1939,60,uber den nachweis und das verhalten der bei der bestrahlung des urans mittels neutronen entstehenden erdalkalimetalle,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1944,65,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57065,202,
Edwin M. McMillan,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1907,1940,33,radioactive element 93,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1951,44,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q19009,212,
Archer J.P. Martin,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1910,1941,31,a new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases a theory of chromatography 2 application to the micro determination of the higher monoamino acids in proteins,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1952,42,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48977,214,
Richard L.M. Synge,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1914,1941,27,a new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases a theory of chromatography 2 application to the micro determination of the higher monoamino acids in proteins,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1952,38,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48979,215,
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1910,1945,35,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1964,54,19,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hodgkin-lecture-1.pdf,Q7487,230,"Li et al. 2019 give 1956 (structure of vitamin b12); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1945: ""5. C.H.Carlisle and D.Crowfoot, Proc.Roy.Soc. (London), Ser..A, 184(1945) 64."""
Frederick Sanger,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1945,27,the free amino groups of insulin,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1958,40,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q151564,222,
Lord Todd,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1907,1945,38,studies on phosphorylation .1. dibenzyl chlorophosphonate as a phosphorylating agent,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1957,50,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157242,221,
Glenn T. Seaborg,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1912,1946,34,radioactive element 94 from deuterons on uranium,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1951,39,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q48973,213,
Odd Hassel,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1897,1947,50,the structure of molecules containing cyclohexane or pyranose rings,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1969,72,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157212,238,
George Porter,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1920,1949,29,chemical reactions produced by very high light intensities,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1967,47,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106762,235,
Ronald G.W. Norrish,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1897,1949,52,chemical reactions produced by very high light intensities,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1967,70,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q235834,234,
Willard F. Libby,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1908,1949,41,age determination by radiocarbon content world wide assay of natural radiocarbon,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1960,52,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190486,224,
Melvin Calvin,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1911,1950,39,the path of carbon in photosynthesis v paper chromatography and radioautography of the products,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1961,50,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q49347,225,
Donald J. Cram,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1919,1952,33,studies in stereochemistry x the rule of steric control of asymmetric induction in the syntheses of acyclic systems,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1987,68,35,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q135151,267,
Ernst Otto Fischer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1952,34,cyclopentadien metallkomplexe ein neuer typ metallorganischer verbindungen,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1973,55,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q44594,244,
Geoffrey Wilkinson,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1921,1952,31,the structure of iron bis cyclopentadienyl,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1973,52,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q274128,245,
Henry Taube,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1915,1952,37,rates and mechanisms of substitution in inorganic complexes in solution,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1983,68,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q235983,260,
Kenichi Fukui,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1952,34,a molecular orbital theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1981,63,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q217734,257,
Robert B. Woodward,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1952,35,the total synthesis of steroids1,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1965,48,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232316,231,
Georg Wittig,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1897,1953,56,zur reaktionsweise des pentaphenyl phosphors und einiger derivate,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1979,82,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77171,253,
Vincent du Vigneaud,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1901,1953,52,the synthesis of an octapeptide amide with the hormonal activity of oxytocin,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1955,54,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q33128,218,
Manfred Eigen,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1927,1954,27,uber die kinetik sehr schnell verlaufender ionenreaktionen in wasseriger losung,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1967,40,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76600,233,
Paul D. Boyer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1954,36,spectrophotometric study of the reaction of protein sulfhydryl groups with organic mercurials,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1997,79,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102395,287,
Giulio Natta,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1903,1955,52,crystalline high polymers of  olefins,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1963,60,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q234145,229,
Karl Ziegler,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1898,1955,57,polymerisation von athylen und anderen olefinen,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1963,65,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76624,228,
Luis Leloir,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1906,1955,49,a modified colorimetric method for the estimation of n acetylamino sugars,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1970,64,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233985,239,
Robert S. Mulliken,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1896,1955,59,electronic population analysis on lcao mo molecular wave functions i,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1966,70,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233355,232,
Derek Barton,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1956,38,the principles of conformational analysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1969,51,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102419,237,
Gerhard Herzberg,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1904,1956,52,absorption spectrum of free ch3 and cd3 radicals,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1971,67,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76602,240,
Herbert A. Hauptman,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1956,39,a theory of phase determination for the four types of non centrosymmetric space groups 1p222 2p22 3p12 3p22,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1985,68,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107422,262,
Jerome Karle,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1956,38,a theory of phase determination for the four types of non centrosymmetric space groups 1p222 2p22 3p12 3p22,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1985,67,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106733,263,
Rudolph A. Marcus,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1923,1956,33,on the theory of oxidation reduction reactions involving electron transfer i,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1992,69,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q239067,277,
Vladimir Prelog,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1906,1956,50,the specification of asymmetric configuration in organic chemistry,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1975,69,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83501,248,
Jens C. Skou,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1957,39,the influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1997,79,40,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1687170,289,
Herbert C. Brown,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1912,1958,46,directive effects in aromatic substitution .30. electrophilic substituent constants,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1979,67,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102406,252,
John C. Kendrew,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1958,41,a three dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x ray analysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1962,45,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232295,227,
Stanford Moore,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1913,1958,45,automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1972,59,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110952,242,
William H. Stein,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1911,1958,47,automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1972,61,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q156492,243,
Elias James Corey,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1928,1959,31,the stereochemistry of complex inorganic compounds xxii stereospecific effects in complex ions1,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1990,62,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q135171,275,
Max F. Perutz,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1914,1960,46,structure of haemoglobin a three dimensional fourier synthesis at 5 5 a resolution obtained by x ray analysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1962,48,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78480,226,
Christian Anfinsen,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1916,1961,45,the kinetics of formation of native ribonuclease during oxidation of the reduced polypeptide chain,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1972,56,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102278,241,
Peter Mitchell,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1920,1961,41,Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism.,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1978,58,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q207992,251,
William Lipscomb,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1919,1961,42,coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi osmotic type of mechanism,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1976,57,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110935,249,
Aaron Klug,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1926,1962,36,physical principles in the construction of regular viruses,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1982,56,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190626,259,
George A. Olah,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1927,1962,35,stable carbonium ions ii 1aoxocarbonium1b acylium tetrafluoroborates hexafluorophosphates hexafluoroantimonates and hexafluoroarsenates structure and chemical reactivity of acyl fluoride lewis acid fluoride complexes1c,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1994,67,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192603,280,
John Cornforth,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1962,45,studies on the biosynthesis of cholesterol xvi chemical synthesis of 1 h2 3 2 c 14 and 1 d2 2 c 14 trans trans farnesyl pyrophosphate and their utilization in squalene biosynthesis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1975,58,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q135154,247,
Osamu Shimomura,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1928,1962,34,extraction purification and properties of aequorin a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan aequorea,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2008,80,46,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q205345,829,
Bruce Merrifield,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1921,1963,42,solid phase peptide synthesis i the synthesis of a tetrapeptide,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1984,63,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q224153,261,
Roald Hoffmann,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1937,1963,26,an extended huckel theory i hydrocarbons,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1981,44,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273279,258,
Walter Kohn,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1923,1964,41,inhomogeneous electron gas,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1998,75,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78510,290,
Frederick Sanger,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1918,1965,47,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1980,62,15,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/sanger-lecture-1.pdf,Q151564,222,"Li et al. 2019 give 1977 (dna sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1965: ""3. Sanger, F., Brownlee, G. G. & Barrell, B. G.,J. Mol. Biol. 13, 373 (1965)"""
Richard R. Ernst,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1933,1966,33,application of fourier transform spectroscopy to magnetic resonance,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1991,58,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q122272,276,
Charles J. Pedersen,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1904,1967,63,cyclic polyethers and their complexes with metal salts,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1987,83,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q244998,269,
Richard F. Heck,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1931,1968,37,acylation methylation and carboxyalkylation of olefins by group viii metal derivatives,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2010,79,42,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106471,851,
Ryoji Noyori,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1938,1968,30,homogeneous catalysis in the decomposition of diazo compounds by copper chelates asymmetric carbenoid reactions,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2001,63,33,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157210,742,
William Knowles,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1968,51,catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation employing a soluble optically active rhodium complex,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2001,84,33,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110947,741,
Dudley R. Herschbach,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1932,1969,37,molecular beam reactive scattering apparatus with electron bombardment detector,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1986,54,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q243196,264,
Ilya Prigogine,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1969,52,dynamical and statistical descriptions of n body systems,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1977,60,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q183509,250,
Jean-Marie Lehn,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1939,1969,30,diaza polyoxa macrocycles et macrobicycles,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1987,48,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107690,268,
John C. Polanyi,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1929,1969,40,location of energy barriers i effect on the dynamics of reactions a bc,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1986,57,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q237825,266,
Yuan T. Lee,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1936,1969,33,molecular beam reactive scattering apparatus with electron bombardment detector,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1986,50,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q243190,265,
Paul J. Crutzen,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1933,1970,37,the influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1995,62,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q135139,281,
Yves Chauvin,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1930,1971,41,catalyse de transformation des olefines par les complexes du tungstene ii telomerisation des olefines cycliques en presence d olefines acycliques,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2005,75,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202146,794,
Arieh Warshel,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1940,1972,32,calculation of ground and excited state potential surfaces of conjugated molecules i formulation and parametrization,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2013,73,41,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q4790366,891,
Martin Karplus,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1930,1972,42,calculation of ground and excited state potential surfaces of conjugated molecules i formulation and parametrization,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2013,83,41,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q903471,889,
John Pople,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1925,1973,48,the influence of polarization functions on molecular orbital hydrogenation energies,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1998,73,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233973,291,
F. Sherwood Rowland,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1927,1974,47,stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes chlorine atomc atalysed destruction of ozone,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1995,68,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q111190,283,
Gerhard Ertl,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1936,1974,38,adsorption of co on pd single crystal surfaces,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2007,71,33,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q60066,816,
M. Stanley Whittingham,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1974,33,"Whittingham, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1974, 328",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2019,78,45,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-chemistryprize2019-2.pdf,Q285062,977,Prose p6: 'as early as 1973 propose such materials as electrodes in batteries' (cited patent ref 24 is dated 1975); working battery 1976 (ref 25).
Mario J. Molina,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1943,1974,31,stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes chlorine atomc atalysed destruction of ozone,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1995,52,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q19045,282,
Roger D. Kornberg,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1947,1974,27,chromatin structure a repeating unit of histones and dna,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2006,59,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q170676,806,
Tomas Lindahl,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1938,1974,36,an n glycosidase from escherichia coli that releases free uracil from dna containing deaminated cytosine residues,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2015,77,41,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1886068,921,
Joachim Frank,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1940,1975,35,"Frank, Ultramicroscopy 1, 159-162 (1975)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2017,77,42,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-chemistryprize2017-1.pdf,Q28833112,945,"Prose p9: 'In the mid-1970s, Frank addressed this problem in a study that became in many ways the starting point for future developments (20)'. Also Frank & Al-Ali, Nature 256, 376 (1975), ref 42."
Michael Levitt,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1947,1975,28,computer simulation of protein folding,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2013,66,38,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q6832227,890,
Richard Henderson,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1945,1975,30,"Unwin & Henderson, J. Mol. Biol. 94, 425 (1975); Henderson & Unwin, Nature 257, 28 (1975)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2017,72,42,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-chemistryprize2017-1.pdf,Q1678456,946,Prose p6: 'Important progress was made in the mid-1970s by Henderson and Nigel Unwin'. His atomic-resolution bacteriorhodopsin structure is Henderson et al. 1990 (ref 31).
Ei-ichi Negishi,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1935,1976,41,a novel stereospecific alkenyl alkenyl cross coupling by a palladium or nickel catalyzed reaction of alkenylalanes with alkenyl halides,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2010,75,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105927,852,
Alan Heeger,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1936,1977,41,electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2000,64,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106751,729,
Alan MacDiarmid,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1927,1977,50,electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2000,73,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110942,730,
Hideki Shirakawa,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1936,1977,41,electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2000,64,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110916,731,
Michael Smith,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1932,1977,45,nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi x174 dna,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1993,61,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232289,279,
Paul Berg,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1926,1977,51,labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with dna polymerase i,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1980,54,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102379,254,
Walter Gilbert,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1932,1977,45,a new method for sequencing dna,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1980,48,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q217486,255,
Akira Suzuki,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1930,1979,49,a new stereospecific cross coupling by the palladium catalyzed reaction of 1 alkenylboranes with 1 alkenyl or 1 alkynyl halides,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2010,80,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105949,853,
Aaron Ciechanover,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1947,1980,33,proposed role of atp in protein breakdown conjugation of protein with multiple chains of the polypeptide of atp dependent proteolysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2004,57,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233205,779,
Ada E. Yonath,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1939,1980,41,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2009,70,29,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/yonath-lecture-slides.pdf,Q7426,843,"Li et al. 2019 give 2000 (structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3 3 a resolution); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1980: ""1980 - the first microcrystals of the large ribosomal subunit from Bacillus stearothermophilus"""
Aleksey Yekimov,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1945,1980,35,"Yekimov, Onushchenko & Tsekhomskii, Sov. Glass Phys. Chem. 6, 511 (1980)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2023,78,43,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-chemistryprize2023-3.pdf,Q1547368,1031,"Prose p6: CuCl nanocrystals grown in glass with controlled size (refs 28-29, both dated 1980). The size-dependent shift after which 'Semiconductor quantum dots had been discovered' is Yekimov & Onushchenko, JETP Lett. 1981 (ref 31); use 1981 if preferred."
Avram Hershko,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1937,1980,43,proposed role of atp in protein breakdown conjugation of protein with multiple chains of the polypeptide of atp dependent proteolysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2004,67,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232302,780,
Irwin Rose,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1926,1980,54,proposed role of atp in protein breakdown conjugation of protein with multiple chains of the polypeptide of atp dependent proteolysis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2004,78,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q230652,781,
John B. Goodenough,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1922,1980,58,"Mizushima, Jones, Wiseman & Goodenough, Mater. Res. Bull. 15, 783 (1980)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2019,97,39,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-chemistryprize2019-2.pdf,Q906529,976,"Prose gives '1979/1980'; the cited paper (ref 33, p13) is dated 1980. Patent (ref 32) 1982."
K. Barry Sharpless,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1980,39,the first practical method for asymmetric epoxidation,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2001,60,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110925,743,
Jacques Dubochet,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1942,1981,39,"Dubochet & McDowall, J. Microsc. 124, 3-4 (1981)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2017,75,36,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-chemistryprize2017-1.pdf,Q41585344,944,Prose p11: 'In 1981 Dubochet and Alasdair McDowall finally presented a method' for vitrified water films.
Hartmut Michel,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1948,1982,34,three dimensional crystals of a membrane protein complex the photosynthetic reaction centre from rhodopseudomonas viridis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1988,40,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77086,272,
Thomas R. Cech,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1947,1982,35,self splicing rna autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal rna intervening sequence of tetrahymena,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1989,42,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q135180,274,
Aziz Sancar,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1946,1983,37,a novel repair enzyme uvrabc excision nuclease of escherichia coli cuts a dna strand on both sides of the damaged region,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2015,69,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q15118973,923,
Jean-Pierre Sauvage,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1944,1983,39,une nouvelle famille de molecules les metallo catenanes,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2016,72,33,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q3169751,931,
Louis Brus,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1943,1983,40,"Rossetti, Nakahara & Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 1086 (1983)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2023,80,40,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-chemistryprize2023-3.pdf,Q194646,1030,Rossetti & Brus 1982 (ref 40) is cited as background on CdS colloid photochemistry.
Sidney Altman,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1939,1983,44,the rna moiety of ribonuclease p is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1989,50,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102266,273,
Dan Shechtman,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1984,43,metallic phase with long range orientational order and no translational symmetry,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2011,70,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q44111,867,
Johann Deisenhofer,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1943,1984,41,x ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex electron density map at 3 a resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic reaction center from rhodopseudomonas viridis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1988,45,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76612,270,
Robert Huber,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1937,1984,47,x ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex electron density map at 3 a resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic reaction center from rhodopseudomonas viridis,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1988,51,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76623,271,
Akira Yoshino,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1948,1985,37,"Yoshino, Sanechika & Nakajima, Japanese patent no. 1989293 (1985); US patent 4,668,595 (1987)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2019,71,34,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-chemistryprize2019-2.pdf,Q4701206,978,"Key works are patents, not journal papers. Prose p9: 'A breakthrough came in 1985'."
George P. Smith,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1985,44,"Smith, Science 228, 1315 (1985)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2018,77,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-chemistryprize-2018.pdf,Q56868017,964,Prose p14: 'In his 1985 paper (81)'.
Kary B. Mullis,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1944,1985,41,enzymatic amplification of beta globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1993,49,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157224,278,
Kurt Wüthrich,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1938,1985,47,solution conformation of proteinase inhibitor iia from bull seminal plasma by 1h nuclear magnetic resonance and distance geometry,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2002,64,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110957,758,
Richard E. Smalley,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1943,1985,42,c 60 buckminsterfullerene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1996,53,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106746,286,
Robert F. Curl Jr.,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1933,1985,52,c 60 buckminsterfullerene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1996,63,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110930,284,
Sir Harold Kroto,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1939,1985,46,c 60 buckminsterfullerene,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1996,57,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q157250,285,
Brian Kobilka,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1955,1986,31,cloning of the gene and cdna for mammalian  adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2012,57,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80907,879,
Henri B. Kagan,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1930,1986,56,"Puchot et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 2353 (1986)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2026,96,40,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-chemistryprize2026.pdf,Q354979,1065,"Ref 20 (p19): Puchot, Samuel, Dunach, Zhao, Agami, Kagan, JACS 1986."
Robert J. Lefkowitz,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1943,1986,43,cloning of the gene and cdna for mammalian  adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2012,69,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80910,878,
Ahmed Zewail,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1946,1988,42,femtosecond real time observation of wave packet oscillations resonance in dissociation reactions,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1999,53,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106624,292,
Koichi Tanaka,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1959,1988,29,Protein and polymer analyses up to m/z 100 000 by laser ionization timeofflight mass spectrometry,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2002,43,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110963,757,
John B. Fenn,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1917,1989,72,electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2002,85,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106738,756,
Paul Modrich,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1946,1989,43,dna mismatch correction in a defined system,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2015,69,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q7151888,922,
Richard Robson,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1937,1989,52,"Hoskins & Robson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 5962 (1989)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2025,88,36,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-chemistryprize2025-1.pdf,Q23073819,1054,Prose p4: the crystalline diamondoid framework formed 'much as predicted' (ref 15).
Kenso Soai,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1950,1990,40,"Soai, Niwa & Hori, Chem. Commun. 1990, 982",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2026,76,36,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-chemistryprize2026.pdf,Q24284511,1066,"Prose p12: 'in 1990, Soai ... discovered' the asymmetric autocatalytic addition. The amplifying Soai reaction is Soai et al., Nature 1995 (ref 24). His 1987-1989 dialkylzinc papers (refs 63-64) are prior work."
Richard R. Schrock,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1945,1990,45,synthesis of molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes and some reactions involving acyclic olefins,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2005,60,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202159,796,
Sir Gregory P. Winter,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1951,1990,39,"McCafferty, Griffiths, Winter & Chiswell, Nature 348, 552 (1990)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2018,67,28,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-chemistryprize-2018.pdf,Q1545000,965,"Prose p15: 'In 1990, Sir Gregory P Winter reported the display of a folded and fully functional antibody fragment on filamentous phage (88)'. Ward et al. 1989 (ref 96) and humanization are pre-phage-display context."
Eric Betzig,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1960,1991,31,breaking the diffraction barrier optical microscopy on a nanometric scale,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2014,54,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1351105,909,
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1942,1991,49,a molecular shuttle,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2016,74,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q376243,932,
Peter Agre,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1949,1992,43,appearance of water channels in xenopus oocytes expressing red cell chip28 water channel,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2003,54,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q102250,769,
Robert H. Grubbs,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1942,1992,50,ring opening metathesis polymerization romp of norbornene by a group viii carbene complex in protic media,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2005,63,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202140,795,
Susumu Kitagawa,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1951,1992,41,"Kitagawa, Munakata & Tanimura, Inorg. Chem. 31, 1714 (1992)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2025,74,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-chemistryprize2025-1.pdf,Q11401680,1053,"Prose p6 cites it as his 2D Cu(I)-pyrazine network with guest-filled cavities. The committee calls his 1997 room-temperature gas adsorption (Kondo et al., ref 31) 'An important contribution'; use 1997 if preferred."
Frances H. Arnold,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1956,1993,37,"Chen & Arnold, PNAS 90, 5618 (1993)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2018,62,25,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-chemistryprize-2018.pdf,Q4273363,963,"Prose p4: 'the first experimental work' of directed evolution (4), 'In the seminal paper (4)'. Chen & Arnold 1991 (ref 3) sits in the 'in theory' part, directed evolution 'briefly introduced as a possibility'; use 1991 if that counts."
Moungi Bawendi,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1961,1993,32,"Murray, Norris & Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2023,62,30,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-chemistryprize2023-3.pdf,Q15433043,1029,
John E. Walker,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1994,53,structure at 2 8 a resolution of f1 atpase from bovine heart mitochondria,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1997,56,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q235184,288,
Martin Chalfie,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1947,1994,47,green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2008,61,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106699,830,
Roger Y. Tsien,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1952,1994,42,wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2008,56,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q200470,831,
Stefan W. Hell,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1962,1994,32,breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2014,52,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q91410,910,
Omar M. Yaghi,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1965,1995,30,"Yaghi, Li & Li, Nature 378, 703 (1995)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2025,60,30,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-chemistryprize2025-1.pdf,Q743252,1055,Prose p6: Co-BTC frameworks stable after guest removal; the term 'MOF' appeared in refs 21 and 26. MOF-5 is Li et al. 1999 (ref 26).
Carolyn Bertozzi,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1966,1997,31,"Mahal, Yarema & Bertozzi, Science 276, 1125 (1997)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2022,56,25,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/advanced-chemistryprize2022-2.pdf,Q7442,1015,"Prose p12: 'Even before she identified SPAAC, Bertozzi had been attempting to perform conjugation chemistry directly in living systems ... 25,28'. Staudinger ligation 2000 (ref 24); SPAAC 2004 (ref 23)."
Roderick MacKinnon,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1956,1998,42,the structure of the potassium channel molecular basis of k conduction and selectivity,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2003,47,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q211482,770,
Thomas A. Steitz,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1940,1998,58,see note,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2009,69,11,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2009/ceremony-speech/,Q109559,842,"Li et al. 2019 give 2000 (the complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1998: ""In 1998 Thomas Steitz solved the so called phase problem for the large ribosomal subunit"""
Bernard L. Feringa,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1951,1999,48,light driven monodirectional molecular rotor,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2016,65,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q3259614,933,
K. Barry Sharpless,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1941,1999,58,"Sharpless & Kolb, Book of Abstracts, 217th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim, ORGN-105 (1999)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2022,81,23,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/advanced-chemistryprize2022-2.pdf,Q110925,743,"Meeting abstract (ref 1), not a paper; prose p4: 'By the turn of the millennium, Sharpless presented some of these thoughts at a conference,1 and in 2001 ... summarized the concept in article form.2' First full paper Kolb, Finn & Sharpless 2001; his CuAAC paper Rostovtsev et al. 2002. Use 2001 if abstracts are excluded."
Benjamin List,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1968,2000,32,"List, Lerner & Barbas, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 2395 (2000)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2021,53,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/advanced-chemistryprize2021-3.pdf,Q105572,1002,"Earlier List papers (refs 33-34, 1998) are on aldolase antibodies, cited as background."
David W.C. MacMillan,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1968,2000,32,"Ahrendt, Borths & MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 4243 (2000)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2021,53,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/advanced-chemistryprize2021-3.pdf,Q5237001,1003,
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1952,2000,48,structure of the 30s ribosomal subunit,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2009,57,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q60061,841,
William E. Moerner,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1953,2000,47,single photons on demand from a single molecule at room temperature,Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2014,61,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1387059,911,
Morten Meldal,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1954,2001,47,"Tornøe & Meldal, in Peptides 2001 (Proc. Am. Pept. Symp.), pp. 263-264 (2001)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2022,68,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/advanced-chemistryprize2022-2.pdf,Q6914509,1016,"Conference proceedings (ref 15); full paper Tornøe, Christensen & Meldal, J. Org. Chem. 2002 (ref 16)."
David Baker,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1962,2003,41,"Kuhlman et al., Science 302, 1364 (2003)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2024,62,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/advanced-chemistryprize2024.pdf,Q3814528,1039,"The committee calls his Rosetta program (Simons et al. 1999, ref 18, a structure-prediction paper) 'the key to success' developed 'a few years earlier'; use 1999 if that counts."
Emmanuelle Charpentier,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1968,2011,43,"Deltcheva et al., Nature 471, 602 (2011)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2020,52,9,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-chemistryprize2020.pdf,Q17280087,991,"Ref 27 (p13) lists 'Deltcheva, E., et al.'; Charpentier's authorship from the prose."
Jennifer A. Doudna,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,female,1964,2012,48,"Jinek et al., Science 337, 816 (2012)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2020,56,8,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-chemistryprize2020.pdf,Q56068,992,"Ref lists 'Jinek, M., et al.'; Doudna's authorship from the prose (p7 collaboration; p11 'In 2012, Charpentier and Doudna reported')."
Demis Hassabis,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1976,2021,45,"Jumper et al., Nature 596, 583 (2021)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2024,48,3,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/advanced-chemistryprize2024.pdf,Q3022141,1040,"Committee heading 'AlphaFold2 – the real breakthrough' (p11). The earlier AlphaFold1 paper (Senior et al., Nature 2020, ref 37; built for CASP13 in 2018) also lists Hassabis; use 2020 if AlphaFold1 counts."
John Jumper,Nobel Prize,Chemistry,male,1985,2021,36,"Jumper et al., Nature 596, 583 (2021)",Nobel Prize in Chemistry,2024,39,3,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/advanced-chemistryprize2024.pdf,Q89620738,1041,"First author of ref 41 (AlphaFold2), 'The AF2 team led by John Jumper and Hassabis' (p11). He is also on the AlphaFold1 paper (Senior et al. 2020, ref 37); use 2020 if AlphaFold1 counts."
Johannes Diderik van der Waals,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1837,1873,36,"van der Waals, Over de Continuïteit van den Gas- en Vloeistoftoestand (thesis, 1873)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1910,73,37,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1910/waals/biographical/,Q131721,15,Lecture: 'my treatise of 1873'; facts: 'In 1873 Johannes van der Waals formulated an equation of state'.
Lord Rayleigh,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1842,1882,40,"Rayleigh, British Association address proposing redetermination of gas densities (1882)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1904,62,22,Nobel committee document (medium),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/strutt-lecture.pdf,Q83297,8,Start of the density programme per his lecture; the nitrogen-density anomaly he 'pointed out in 1892' led to argon (announced with Ramsay in 1894). Use 1892 if only results count.
Albert A. Michelson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1852,1887,35,On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether,Nobel Prize in Physics,1907,55,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q127234,11,
Gabriel Lippmann,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1845,1891,46,"Lippmann, colour photography communicated to the Paris Academy (1891)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1908,63,17,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1908/ceremony-speech/,Q133232,12,Bio: he had evolved the general theory in 1886 but published the complete theory only in 1894.
Hendrik A. Lorentz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1853,1892,39,"Lorentz, electron theory (1892)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1902,49,10,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/lorentz/facts/,Q41688,2,"Speech credits his electron theory; his lecture: when 'Zeeman made his discovery, the electron theory was complete in its main features'. His explanation of the Zeeman effect (1896) came later."
Wilhelm Wien,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1864,1893,29,Wien's displacement law,Nobel Prize in Physics,1911,47,18,nobelprize.org biography,https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1911/wien/biographical/,Q57068,16,Li et al. date Wien's displacement-law paper 1983 (a later reprint in their source). His Nobel biography dates the law to 1893.
Philipp Lenard,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1862,1894,32,Ueber Kathodenstrahlen in Gasen von atmosphrischem Druck und im ussersten Vacuum,Nobel Prize in Physics,1905,43,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57063,9,
Guglielmo Marconi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1874,1895,21,"Marconi, first wireless experiments (1895)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1909,35,14,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/ceremony-speech/,Q36488,13,Lecture: 'I commenced early in 1895'; first public demonstrations in England 1896.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1845,1895,50,"Röntgen, Über eine neue Art von Strahlen (1895)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1901,56,6,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/biographical/,Q35149,1,Discovery 8 November 1895; his first communication followed the same year. No Nobel lecture.
Henri Becquerel,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1852,1896,44,"Becquerel, uranium rays (1896)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1903,51,7,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/becquerel/biographical/,Q41269,4,
Pieter Zeeman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1865,1896,31,The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency,Nobel Prize in Physics,1902,37,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q79000,3,
J.J. Thomson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1856,1897,41,XL. Cathode Rays,Nobel Prize in Physics,1906,50,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q47285,10,
Ferdinand Braun,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1850,1898,48,"Braun, wireless telegraphy work from autumn 1898",Nobel Prize in Physics,1909,59,11,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/braun/biographical/,Q57077,14,Lecture: 'I turned my attention to the subject in the autumn of 1898'. Start of the work; first patents also 1898-99 (not dated on the pages).
Marie Curie,Nobel Prize,Physics,female,1867,1898,31,"M. & P. Curie, radioactivity of thorium / polonium and radium (1898)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1903,36,5,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/pierre-curie-lecture.pdf,Q7186,6,Joint work; Pierre Curie's lecture (no 1903 lecture by Marie): 'Curie also showed in 1898' that only uranium and thorium compounds emit Becquerel rays. Pierre's bio: radium and polonium announced in 1898.
Pierre Curie,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1859,1898,39,"M. & P. Curie, polonium and radium (1898)",Nobel Prize in Physics,1903,44,5,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/biographical/,Q37463,5,His lecture: 'At the beginning of our studies on this subject in 1898'.
Gustaf Dalén,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1869,1901,32,"Dalén, work on automatic flashing beacons begun 1901",Nobel Prize in Physics,1912,43,11,Nobel committee document (medium),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1912/dalen/biographical/,Q160518,17,"Bio: 'In 1901, Dalén’s company purchased the patent rights ... and he began his work on automatic flashing beacons' (year in the same sentence). Speech: 'It was about 1904 that Dalén started to study this problem'; sun valve 1907 (facts, speech). Start of the work only; no dated first patent on the pages."
Max Planck,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1858,1901,43,Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum,Nobel Prize in Physics,1918,60,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q9021,23,
Owen Willans Richardson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1879,1901,22,on the negative radiation from hot platinum,Nobel Prize in Physics,1928,49,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q169330,35,
Albert Einstein,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1879,1905,26,uber einen die erzeugung und verwandlung des lichtes betreffenden heuristischen gesichtspunkt,Nobel Prize in Physics,1921,42,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q937,26,
Charles Glover Barkla,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1877,1906,29,polarisation in secondary rontgen radiation,Nobel Prize in Physics,1917,40,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q160522,22,
Jean Baptiste Perrin,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1870,1908,38,sur la theorie du mouvement brownien,Nobel Prize in Physics,1926,56,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q134085,32,
Robert A. Millikan,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1868,1910,42,the isolation of an ion a precision measurement of its charge and the correction of stokes s law,Nobel Prize in Physics,1923,55,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q130975,28,
C.T.R. Wilson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1869,1911,42,on a method of making visible the paths of ionising particles through a gas,Nobel Prize in Physics,1927,58,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q162900,34,
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1853,1911,58,"further experiments with liquid helium d - on the change of the electrical resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc v the disappearance of the resistance of mercury",Nobel Prize in Physics,1913,60,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q62891,18,
Victor F. Hess,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1883,1912,29,observations in low level radiation during seven free balloon flights.,Nobel Prize in Physics,1936,53,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78520,42,
Lawrence Bragg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1890,1913,23,the reflection of x rays by crystals,Nobel Prize in Physics,1915,25,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q131729,21,
Max von Laue,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1879,1913,34,interferenzerscheinungen bei rontgenstrahlen,Nobel Prize in Physics,1914,35,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57067,19,
Niels Bohr,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1885,1913,28,i on the constitution of atoms and molecules,Nobel Prize in Physics,1922,37,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q7085,27,
William Bragg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1862,1913,51,the reflection of x rays by crystals,Nobel Prize in Physics,1915,53,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q133747,20,
Johannes Stark,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1874,1914,40,beobachtungen uber den effekt des elektrischen feldes auf spektrallinien ii langseffekt,Nobel Prize in Physics,1919,45,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57092,24,
Percy W. Bridgman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1882,1914,32,the coagulation of albumen by pressure,Nobel Prize in Physics,1946,64,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q172118,51,
Gustav Hertz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1887,1916,29,the kinetics of electrons and ions in gases,Nobel Prize in Physics,1925,38,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57070,31,
James Franck,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1882,1916,34,the kinetics of electrons and ions in gases,Nobel Prize in Physics,1925,43,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57066,30,
Manne Siegbahn,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1886,1916,30,the x-ray spectrum of the elements na to cr,Nobel Prize in Physics,1924,38,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q170741,29,
Charles Edouard Guillaume,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1861,1919,58,The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels,Nobel Prize in Physics,1920,59,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q123026,25,
Otto Stern,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1888,1922,34,der experimentelle nachweis des magnetischen moments des silberatoms,Nobel Prize in Physics,1943,55,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57072,48,
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1888,1922,34,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1930,42,8,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/raman-lecture.pdf,Q60429,37,"Li et al. 2019 give 1928 (a new type of secondary radiation); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1922: ""the results till then obtained were set out in an essay published by the Calcutta University Press in February 1922."""
Arthur H. Compton,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1892,1923,31,the spectrum of scattered x rays,Nobel Prize in Physics,1927,35,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q127944,33,
Louis de Broglie,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1892,1924,32,xxxv a tentative theory of light quanta,Nobel Prize in Physics,1929,37,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83331,36,
Edward V. Appleton,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1892,1925,33,local reflection of wireless waves from the upper atmosphere,Nobel Prize in Physics,1947,55,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q153194,52,
Paul A.M. Dirac,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1902,1925,23,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1933,31,8,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/ceremony-speech/,Q47480,40,"Li et al. 2019 give 1928 (the quantum theory of the electron); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1925: ""This solution followed in 1925 upon the works of Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Dirac"""
Walther Bothe,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1891,1925,34,uber das wesen des comptoneffekts ein experimenteller beitrag zur theorie der strahlung,Nobel Prize in Physics,1954,63,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76474,62,
Werner Heisenberg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1901,1925,24,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1932,31,7,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1932/heisenberg/facts/,Q40904,38,"Li et al. 2019 give 1928 (zur theorie des ferromagnetismus); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1925: ""In 1925, Werner Heisenberg formulated a type of quantum mechanics based on matrices."""
Wolfgang Pauli,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1900,1925,25,uber den zusammenhang des abschlusses der elektronengruppen im atom mit der komplexstruktur der spektren,Nobel Prize in Physics,1945,45,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q65989,50,
Erwin Schrödinger,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1887,1926,39,der stetige ubergang von der mikro zur makromechanik,Nobel Prize in Physics,1933,46,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q9130,39,
John H. Van Vleck,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1899,1926,27,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1977,78,51,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/vleck-lecture.pdf,Q193655,109,"Li et al. 2019 give 1932 (theory of the variations in paramagnetic anisotropy among different salts of the iron group); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1926: ""J. H. Van Vleck, Nature, 118, 226 (1926)."""
Max Born,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1882,1926,44,zur quantenmechanik der stosvorgange,Nobel Prize in Physics,1954,72,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q58978,61,
Clinton Davisson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1881,1927,46,diffraction of electrons by a crystal of nickel,Nobel Prize in Physics,1937,56,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q133222,44,
George Paget Thomson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1892,1927,35,diffraction of cathode rays by a thin film,Nobel Prize in Physics,1937,45,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q133846,45,
Ernest Lawrence,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1901,1931,30,the production of high speed light ions without the use of high voltages,Nobel Prize in Physics,1939,38,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q169577,47,
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1910,1931,21,the maximum mass of ideal white dwarfs,Nobel Prize in Physics,1983,73,52,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q148109,122,
Ernest T.S. Walton,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1903,1932,29,experiments with high velocity positive ions ii the disintegration of elements by high velocity protons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1951,48,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q183631,57,
Ernst Ruska,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1906,1932,26,beitrag zur geometrischen elektronenoptik ii,Nobel Prize in Physics,1986,80,54,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71022,127,
Eugene Wigner,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1902,1932,30,on the quantum correction for thermodynamic equilibrium,Nobel Prize in Physics,1963,61,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155790,78,
James Chadwick,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1891,1932,41,possible existence of a neutron,Nobel Prize in Physics,1935,44,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80884,41,
John Cockcroft,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1897,1932,35,experiments with high velocity positive ions ii the disintegration of elements by high velocity protons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1951,54,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q62897,56,
Patrick M.S. Blackett,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1897,1932,35,further investigations with a wilson chamber ii the range and velocity of recoil atoms,Nobel Prize in Physics,1948,51,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184499,53,
Carl D. Anderson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1905,1933,28,the positive electron,Nobel Prize in Physics,1936,31,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q169366,43,
Enrico Fermi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1901,1934,33,an attempt of a theory of beta radiation 1,Nobel Prize in Physics,1938,37,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q8753,46,
Frits Zernike,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1888,1934,46,diffraction theory of the knife edge test and its improved form the phase contrast method,Nobel Prize in Physics,1953,65,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q188293,60,
Pavel A. Cherenkov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1904,1934,30,Visible emission of clean liquids by action of  radiation,Nobel Prize in Physics,1958,54,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76970,70,
Hideki Yukawa,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1907,1935,28,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1949,42,14,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/yukawa-lecture.pdf,Q155777,54,"Li et al. 2019 give 1937 (on the nuclear transformation with the absorption of the orbital electron); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1935: ""The idea of the meson field was introduced in 1935"""
Igor Y. Tamm,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1895,1937,42,coherent visible radiation from fast electrons passing through matter,Nobel Prize in Physics,1958,63,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155759,71,
Il´ja M. Frank,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1908,1937,29,coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing through matter,Nobel Prize in Physics,1958,50,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192703,721,
Isidor Isaac Rabi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1898,1938,40,a new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment,Nobel Prize in Physics,1944,46,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q165969,49,
Pyotr Kapitsa,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1894,1938,44,viscosity of liquid helium below the  point,Nobel Prize in Physics,1978,84,40,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q172844,110,
Hannes Alfvén,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1908,1939,31,on the motion of cosmic rays in interstellar space,Nobel Prize in Physics,1970,62,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q54945,91,
Hans Bethe,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1906,1939,33,energy production in stars,Nobel Prize in Physics,1967,61,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155794,88,
Lev Landau,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1908,1941,33,theory of the superfluidity of helium ii,Nobel Prize in Physics,1962,54,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q133267,77,
E. M. Purcell,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1912,1946,34,resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments in a solid,Nobel Prize in Physics,1952,40,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q183270,59,
Felix Bloch,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1905,1946,41,the nuclear induction experiment,Nobel Prize in Physics,1952,47,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q123022,58,
Martin Ryle,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1946,28,solar radiation on 175 mc s,Nobel Prize in Physics,1974,56,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190766,100,
Cecil Powell,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1903,1947,44,observations on the tracks of slow mesons in photographic emulsions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1950,47,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q178103,55,
John Bardeen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1908,1947,39,surface states and rectification at a metal semi conductor contact,Nobel Prize in Physics,1956,48,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q949,66,
Willis E. Lamb,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1913,1947,34,fine structure of the hydrogen atom by a microwave method,Nobel Prize in Physics,1955,42,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q186497,63,
Dennis Gabor,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1900,1948,48,a new microscopic principle,Nobel Prize in Physics,1971,71,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155786,93,
Julian Schwinger,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1948,30,quantum electrodynamics i a covariant formulation,Nobel Prize in Physics,1965,47,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q186465,85,
Louis Néel,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1904,1948,44,proprietes magnetiques des ferrites ferrimagnetisme et antiferromagnetisme,Nobel Prize in Physics,1970,66,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155781,92,
Polykarp Kusch,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1911,1948,37,the magnetic moment of the electron,Nobel Prize in Physics,1955,44,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184571,64,
Richard P. Feynman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1948,30,a relativistic cut off for classical electrodynamics,Nobel Prize in Physics,1965,47,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q39246,86,
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1906,1948,42,on infinite field reactions in quantum field theory,Nobel Prize in Physics,1965,59,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184563,84,
Walter H. Brattain,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1902,1948,46,the transistor a semi conductor triode,Nobel Prize in Physics,1956,54,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184577,67,
J. Hans D. Jensen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1907,1949,42,on the magic numbers in nuclear structure,Nobel Prize in Physics,1963,56,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76797,80,
Maria Goeppert Mayer,Nobel Prize,Physics,female,1906,1949,43,on closed shells in nuclei ii,Nobel Prize in Physics,1963,57,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57100,79,
Robert Hofstadter,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1915,1949,34,the detection of gamma rays with thallium activated sodium iodide crystals,Nobel Prize in Physics,1961,46,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q130113,75,
Sir Nevill F. Mott,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1905,1949,44,the basis of the electron theory of metals with special reference to the transition metals,Nobel Prize in Physics,1977,72,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189485,108,
William B. Shockley,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1910,1949,39,the theory of p n junctions in semiconductors and p n junction transistors,Nobel Prize in Physics,1956,46,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q163415,65,
Alfred Kastler,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1902,1950,48,*quelques suggestions concernant la production optique et la detection optique dune inegalite de population des niveaux de quantification spatiale des atomes - application a lexperience de stern et gerlach et a la resonance magnetique,Nobel Prize in Physics,1966,64,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71023,87,
James Rainwater,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1917,1950,33,nuclear energy level argument for a spheroidal nuclear model,Nobel Prize in Physics,1975,58,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190745,104,
Norman F. Ramsey,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1915,1950,35,magnetic shielding of nuclei in molecules,Nobel Prize in Physics,1989,74,39,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107419,135,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1916,1950,34,On the Theory of superconductivity(In Russian),Nobel Prize in Physics,2003,87,53,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104668,767,
Clifford G. Shull,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1915,1951,36,neutron diffraction by paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic substances,Nobel Prize in Physics,1994,79,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q201506,146,
William A. Fowler,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1911,1951,40,excited states of the mirror nuclei li7 and be7,Nobel Prize in Physics,1983,72,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q46120,123,
Donald A. Glaser,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1952,26,some effects of ionizing radiation on the formation of bubbles in liquids,Nobel Prize in Physics,1960,34,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80905,74,
Aage N. Bohr,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1953,31,interpretation of isomeric transitions of electric quadrupole type,Nobel Prize in Physics,1975,53,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q103854,102,
Ben R. Mottelson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1953,27,interpretation of isomeric transitions of electric quadrupole type,Nobel Prize in Physics,1975,49,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107423,103,
Frederick Reines,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1953,35,detection of the free neutrino,Nobel Prize in Physics,1995,77,42,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q191922,148,
Murray Gell-Mann,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1953,24,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,1969,40,16,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1969/ceremony-speech/,Q172840,90,"Li et al. 2019 give 1958 (theory of the fermi interaction); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1953: ""Murray Gell-Mann in 1953 published the first of the papers which have been honoured with this years Nobel Prize in physics."""
Wolfgang Paul,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1913,1953,40,notizen ein neues massenspektrometer ohne magnetfeld,Nobel Prize in Physics,1989,76,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57227,137,
Aleksandr M. Prokhorov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1916,1954,38,*primenenie molekulyarnykh puchkov dlya radiospektroskopicheskogo izucheniya vrashchatelnykh spektrov molekul,Nobel Prize in Physics,1964,48,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83552,83,
Nicolay G. Basov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1954,32,*primenenie molekulyarnykh puchkov dlya radiospektroskopicheskogo izucheniya vrashchatelnykh spektrov molekul,Nobel Prize in Physics,1964,42,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83557,82,
Charles H. Townes,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1915,1955,40,stark effect in rapidly varying fields,Nobel Prize in Physics,1964,49,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184566,81,
Emilio Segrè,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1905,1955,50,observation of antiprotons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1959,54,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q173028,72,
Owen Chamberlain,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1920,1955,35,observation of antiprotons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1959,39,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q183655,73,
Chen Ning Yang,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1956,34,question of parity conservation in weak interactions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1957,35,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q181369,68,
Kai M. Siegbahn,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1956,38, ray spectroscopy in the precision range of 1 105,Nobel Prize in Physics,1981,63,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192712,120,
Tsung-Dao Lee,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1956,30,question of parity conservation in weak interactions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1957,31,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q183679,69,
Alexei Abrikosov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1928,1957,29,magnetic properties of superconductors of the second group,Nobel Prize in Physics,2003,75,46,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q188128,766,
Hans G. Dehmelt,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1957,35,modulation of a light beam by precessing absorbing atoms,Nobel Prize in Physics,1989,67,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q70532,136,
John Bardeen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1908,1957,49,theory of superconductivity,Nobel Prize in Physics,1972,64,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q949,66,
Leon N. Cooper,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1930,1957,27,theory of superconductivity,Nobel Prize in Physics,1972,42,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q82563,95,
Luis Alvarez,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1911,1957,46,catalysis of nuclear reactions by mu mesons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1968,57,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q178344,89,
Robert Schrieffer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1957,26,theory of superconductivity,Nobel Prize in Physics,1972,41,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q153201,96,
Arthur L. Schawlow,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1921,1958,37,infrared and optical masers,Nobel Prize in Physics,1981,60,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190503,119,
Bertram N. Brockhouse,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1918,1958,40,normal modes of germanium by neutron spectrometry,Nobel Prize in Physics,1994,76,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192689,145,
Leo Esaki,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1925,1958,33,new phenomenon in narrow germanium p n junctions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1973,48,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q179852,97,
Philip W. Anderson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1923,1958,35,absence of diffusion in certain random lattices,Nobel Prize in Physics,1977,54,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190770,107,
Rudolf Mössbauer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1958,29,kernresonanzabsorption von gammastrahlung in ir191,Nobel Prize in Physics,1961,32,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q44286,76,
Ivar Giaever,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1960,31,electron tunneling between two superconductors,Nobel Prize in Physics,1973,44,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192688,98,
Yoichiro Nambu,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1921,1960,39,quasi particles and gauge invariance in the theory of superconductivity,Nobel Prize in Physics,2008,87,48,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q188120,826,
Sheldon Glashow,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1932,1961,29,partial symmetries of weak interactions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1979,47,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107420,113,
Brian D. Josephson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1940,1962,22,possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling,Nobel Prize in Physics,1973,33,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q181363,99,
Jack Steinberger,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1921,1962,41,observation of high energy neutrino reactions and the existence of two kinds of neutrinos,Nobel Prize in Physics,1988,67,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q153210,134,
Leon M. Lederman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1962,40,observation of high energy neutrino reactions and the existence of two kinds of neutrinos,Nobel Prize in Physics,1988,66,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192695,132,
Melvin Schwartz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1932,1962,30,observation of high energy neutrino reactions and the existence of two kinds of neutrinos,Nobel Prize in Physics,1988,56,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189741,133,
Nicolaas Bloembergen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1920,1962,42,interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric,Nobel Prize in Physics,1981,61,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189987,118,
Riccardo Giacconi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1962,31,evidence for x rays from sources outside the solar system,Nobel Prize in Physics,2002,71,40,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q186481,755,
Roy J. Glauber,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1925,1963,38,coherent and incoherent states of the radiation field,Nobel Prize in Physics,2005,80,42,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q64188,791,
Zhores Alferov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1930,1963,33,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,2000,70,37,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/alferov/facts/,Q183279,726,"Li et al. 2019 give 1994 (low threshold large to injection laser emission from inga as quantum dots); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1963: ""In 1963, at the same time as but independently of Herbert Kroemer, Zhores Alferov built a heterostructure that acted as a laser."""
François Englert,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1932,1964,32,broken symmetry and the mass of gauge vector mesons,Nobel Prize in Physics,2013,81,49,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q151746,887,
James Cronin,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1964,33,evidence for the 2 pi decay of the k2 0 meson,Nobel Prize in Physics,1980,49,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q193496,116,
Peter Higgs,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1964,35,broken symmetries and the masses of gauge bosons,Nobel Prize in Physics,2013,84,49,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192112,888,
Syukuro Manabe,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1964,33,"Manabe & Strickler, J. Atmos. Sci. 21, 361 (1964)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2021,90,57,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/sciback_fy_en_21.pdf,Q3675789,999,Prose p8: 'The numerical models being recognized [61–63]'; Manabe & Möller 1961 [60] is an 'important earlier study'. Best-known paper: Manabe & Wetherald 1967 [62].
Val Fitch,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1923,1964,41,evidence for the 2 pi decay of the k2 0 meson,Nobel Prize in Physics,1980,57,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q206499,117,
Anthony J. Leggett,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1938,1965,27,theory of a superfluid fermi liquid i general formalism and static properties,Nobel Prize in Physics,2003,65,38,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192718,768,
Arno Penzias,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1965,32,a measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 mc s,Nobel Prize in Physics,1978,45,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q172877,111,
James Peebles,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1935,1965,30,"Peebles, Astrophys. J. 142, 1317 (1965); Dicke, Peebles, Roll & Wilkinson, Astrophys. J. 142, 414 (1965)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2019,84,54,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-physicsprize2019-3.pdf,Q728331,973,"Prose p7: 'A key contribution is a paper by Peebles alone from the same year, 1965 [22]'. The committee calls his 1982 and 1984 papers [44, 47] 'His breakthroughs' (p10); use 1982 if the cold-dark-matter work is preferred."
Robert Woodrow Wilson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1936,1965,29,a measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 mc s,Nobel Prize in Physics,1978,42,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q171034,112,
Roger Penrose,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1965,34,"Penrose, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 57 (1965)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2020,89,55,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-physicsprize2020.pdf,Q193803,988,"Penrose 1963 (conformal diagrams) is cited as a separate technique, not the singularity theorem."
Charles K. Kao,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1966,33,dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies,Nobel Prize in Physics,2009,76,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q16389,838,
Steven Weinberg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1967,34,a model of leptons,Nobel Prize in Physics,1979,46,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q179282,115,
Abdus Salam,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1968,42,weak and electromagnetic interactions,Nobel Prize in Physics,1979,53,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q28189,114,
Antony Hewish,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1924,1968,44,observation of a rapidly pulsating radio source,Nobel Prize in Physics,1974,50,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189990,101,
Georges Charpak,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1924,1968,44,the use of multiwire proportional counters to select and localize charged particles,Nobel Prize in Physics,1992,68,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q153178,142,
Henry W. Kendall,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1968,42,electron proton elastic scattering at high momentum transfers,Nobel Prize in Physics,1990,64,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190495,139,
Jerome I. Friedman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1930,1968,38,electron proton elastic scattering at high momentum transfers,Nobel Prize in Physics,1990,60,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q187822,138,
John L. Hall,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1934,1968,34,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,2005,71,37,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hall-lecture.pdf,Q206390,792,"Li et al. 2019 give 2000 (direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300 thz femtosecond laser comb); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1968: ""In 1968 when this Saturated Absorption Optical Frequency Reference business began"""
Raymond Davis Jr.,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1914,1968,54,search for neutrinos from the sun,Nobel Prize in Physics,2002,88,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q175519,753,
Richard E. Taylor,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1968,39,electron proton elastic scattering at high momentum transfers,Nobel Prize in Physics,1990,61,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q201470,140,
Arthur Ashkin,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1922,1970,48,"Ashkin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156 (1970)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2018,96,48,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-physicsprize2018.pdf,Q708472,960,Prose p4: 'An early milestone was Ashkin's demonstration in 1970'. The single-beam gradient trap (optical tweezers proper) is Ashkin et al. 1986 (ref 20); use 1986 if only the tweezers paper counts.
George E. Smith,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1930,1970,40,charge coupled semiconductor devices,Nobel Prize in Physics,2009,79,39,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76373,840,
Willard S. Boyle,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1924,1970,46,charge coupled semiconductor devices,Nobel Prize in Physics,2009,85,39,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q73058,839,
Kenneth G. Wilson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1936,1971,35,renormalization group and critical phenomena 2 phase space cell analysis of critical behavior,Nobel Prize in Physics,1982,46,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q193503,121,
David M. Lee,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1972,41,evidence for a new phase of solid he 3,Nobel Prize in Physics,1996,65,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q201853,149,
Douglas D. Osheroff,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1945,1972,27,evidence for a new phase of solid he 3,Nobel Prize in Physics,1996,51,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q206405,150,
Gerardus 't Hooft,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1946,1972,26,regularization and renormalization of gauge fields,Nobel Prize in Physics,1999,53,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184592,158,
John Clauser,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1942,1972,30,"Freedman & Clauser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938 (1972)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2022,80,50,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/05/advanced-physicsprize-2022-5.pdf,Q1365270,1013,"Prize 'is for experimental work' (p18); the CHSH inequality paper (Clauser, Horne, Shimony & Holt 1969, ref 10) is theory; use 1969 if it counts."
Martinus J.G. Veltman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1972,41,regularization and renormalization of gauge fields,Nobel Prize in Physics,1999,68,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202149,159,
Rainer Weiss,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1932,1972,40,"R. Weiss, Quarterly Progress Report, MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics 105, 54 (1972)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2017,85,45,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-physicsprize2017.pdf,Q2128461,941,"Prose p9: 'Weiss' report from 1972 [29] constitutes an early exploratory study of an interferometric gravitational-wave antenna'. Internal MIT report, not a journal paper."
Robert C. Richardson,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1937,1972,35,evidence for a new phase of solid he 3,Nobel Prize in Physics,1996,59,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192708,151,
David J. Gross,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1941,1973,32,ultraviolet behavior of non abelian gauge theories,Nobel Prize in Physics,2004,63,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q40262,776,
David J. Thouless,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1934,1973,39,ordering metastability and phase transitions in two dimensional systems,Nobel Prize in Physics,2016,82,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q726394,928,
Frank Wilczek,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1951,1973,22,ultraviolet behavior of non abelian gauge theories,Nobel Prize in Physics,2004,53,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107450,778,
H. David Politzer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1949,1973,24,reliable perturbative results for strong interactions,Nobel Prize in Physics,2004,55,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107407,777,
J. Michael Kosterlitz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1943,1973,30,ordering metastability and phase transitions in two dimensional systems,Nobel Prize in Physics,2016,73,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1700920,930,
Makoto Kobayashi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1944,1973,29,cp violation in the renormalizable theory of weak interaction,Nobel Prize in Physics,2008,64,35,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202164,827,
Toshihide Maskawa,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1940,1973,33,cp violation in the renormalizable theory of weak interaction,Nobel Prize in Physics,2008,68,35,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202168,828,
Burton Richter,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1974,43,discovery of a narrow resonance in e e annihilation,Nobel Prize in Physics,1976,45,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192106,105,
Martin L. Perl,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1927,1974,47,discovery of a narrow resonance in e e annihilation,Nobel Prize in Physics,1995,68,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107416,147,
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1932,1974,42,coil stretch transition of dilute flexible polymers under ultrahigh velocity gradients,Nobel Prize in Physics,1991,59,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q187224,141,
Samuel C.C. Ting,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1936,1974,38,experimental observation of a heavy particle j,Nobel Prize in Physics,1976,40,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192715,106,
Joseph H. Taylor Jr.,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1941,1975,34,discovery of a pulsar in a binary system,Nobel Prize in Physics,1993,52,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192685,144,
Russell A. Hulse,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1950,1975,25,discovery of a pulsar in a binary system,Nobel Prize in Physics,1993,43,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q156286,143,
Jack Kilby,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1923,1976,53,invention of the integrated circuit,Nobel Prize in Physics,2000,77,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q182031,728,
Klaus Hasselmann,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1931,1976,45,"Hasselmann, Tellus 28, 473 (1976)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2021,90,45,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/sciback_fy_en_21.pdf,Q109370,1000,"His 1966-67 ocean-wave papers [40, 41] are cited as the intuition behind it, not the recognised work. Fingerprint (signal-to-noise) paper 1979 [43]."
Giorgio Parisi,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1948,1979,31,"Parisi, Phys. Lett. A 73, 203 (1979); Parisi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1754 (1979)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2021,73,42,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/sciback_fy_en_21.pdf,Q1235614,1001,"Prose p13: replica symmetry breaking solved [82, 83]."
Klaus von Klitzing,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1943,1980,37,new method for high accuracy determination of the fine structure constant based on quantized hall resistance,Nobel Prize in Physics,1985,42,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71024,126,
Alain Aspect,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1947,1981,34,"Aspect, Grangier & Roger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 460 (1981)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2022,75,41,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/05/advanced-physicsprize-2022-5.pdf,Q364997,1012,"Committee p18: 'This year's Nobel prize is for experimental work', so his 1976 proposal (ref 16, Phys. Rev. D 14, 1944) is not counted; use 1976 if it is."
F. Duncan M. Haldane,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1951,1981,30,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,2016,65,35,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/haldane-lecture.pdf,Q1002250,929,"Li et al. 2019 give 1983 (nonlinear field theory of large spin heisenberg antiferromagnets semiclassically quantized solitons of the one dimensional easy axis neel state); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1981: ""I now turn to the other (1981) discovery recognized by this Nobel prize"""
Daniel C. Tsui,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1939,1982,43,two dimensional magnetotransport in the extreme quantum limit,Nobel Prize in Physics,1998,59,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202138,157,
Gerd Binnig,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1947,1982,35,surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy,Nobel Prize in Physics,1986,39,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76766,128,
Heinrich Rohrer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1982,49,surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy,Nobel Prize in Physics,1986,53,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q123029,129,
Herbert Kroemer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1928,1982,54,heterostructure bipolar transistors and integrated circuits,Nobel Prize in Physics,2000,72,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71016,727,
Horst L. Störmer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1949,1982,33,two dimensional magnetotransport in the extreme quantum limit,Nobel Prize in Physics,1998,49,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71015,156,
John J. Hopfield,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1982,49,"Hopfield, PNAS 79, 2554 (1982)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2024,91,42,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/11/advanced-physicsprize2024-3.pdf,Q391237,1037,"His 1974 papers (refs 11-12) are biophysics, cited as background."
Carlo Rubbia,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1934,1983,49,experimental observation of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missing energy at sqrt s 540 gev,Nobel Prize in Physics,1984,50,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q187199,124,
Geoffrey Hinton,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1947,1983,36,"Fahlman, Hinton & Sejnowski, Proc. AAAI-83, pp. 109-113 (1983)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2024,77,41,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/11/advanced-physicsprize2024-3.pdf,Q92894,1038,"Prose p7: 'In 1983–1985 Geoffrey Hinton, together with Terrence Sejnowski and other coworkers, developed ... the Boltzmann machine [23,24]'. Conference paper; journal version Ackley, Hinton & Sejnowski 1985."
Robert B. Laughlin,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1950,1983,33,anomalous quantum hall effect an incompressible quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations,Nobel Prize in Physics,1998,48,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189997,155,
Simon van der Meer,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1925,1983,58,experimental observation of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missing energy at sqrt s 540 gev,Nobel Prize in Physics,1984,59,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104779,125,
John Clarke,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1942,1984,42,"Devoret, Martinis, Esteve & Clarke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1260 (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2025,83,41,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-physicsprize2025.pdf,Q555849,1050,Prose p9: the Berkeley group 'set up a series of experiments that would confirm the existence of MQT beyond reasonable doubt [11-13]'; MQT and energy-level papers are 1985 (refs 12-13). Ref 11 misprints Clarke's initials as 'J. M. Clarke'.
John M. Martinis,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1958,1984,26,"Devoret, Martinis, Esteve & Clarke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1260 (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2025,67,41,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-physicsprize2025.pdf,Q28976188,1052,Same paper as Clarke.
Michel H. Devoret,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1953,1984,31,"Devoret, Martinis, Esteve & Clarke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1260 (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2025,72,41,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/10/advanced-physicsprize2025.pdf,Q26703310,1051,Same paper as Clarke.
Donna Strickland,Nobel Prize,Physics,female,1959,1985,26,"Strickland & Mourou, Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2018,59,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-physicsprize2018.pdf,Q56855591,962,Prose p8: 'The breakthrough came in 1985' (chirped pulse amplification).
Gérard Mourou,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1944,1985,41,"Strickland & Mourou, Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2018,74,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-physicsprize2018.pdf,Q556543,961,Same paper as Strickland.
Hiroshi Amano,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1960,1986,26,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,2014,54,28,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/amano-lecture.pdf,Q11443689,907,"Li et al. 2019 give 1989 (p type conduction in mg doped gan treated with low energy electron beam irradiation leebi); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1986: ""19. H. Amano, N. Sawaki, I. Akasaki and Y . Toyoda, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48 (1986) 353."""
Isamu Akasaki,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1929,1986,57,see note,Nobel Prize in Physics,2014,85,28,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/akasaki-lecture-slides.pdf,Q1673706,906,"Li et al. 2019 give 1989 (p type conduction in mg doped gan treated with low energy electron beam irradiation leebi); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1986: ""we invented high- quality GaN single crystal in 1986, and GaN p-n junction Blue LED in 1989"""
J. Georg Bednorz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1950,1986,36,possible high tc superconductivity in the ba la cu o system,Nobel Prize in Physics,1987,37,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76687,130,
K. Alex Müller,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1927,1986,59,possible high tc superconductivity in the ba la cu o system,Nobel Prize in Physics,1987,60,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q122298,131,
Peter Grünberg,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1939,1986,47,layered magnetic structures evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of fe layers across cr interlayers,Nobel Prize in Physics,2007,68,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57120,815,
Steven Chu,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1948,1986,38,observation of a single beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,Nobel Prize in Physics,1997,49,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q172466,152,
Masatoshi Koshiba,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1926,1987,61,observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova sn1987a,Nobel Prize in Physics,2002,76,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155773,754,
Albert Fert,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1938,1988,50,giant magnetoresistance of 001 fe 001 cr magnetic superlattices,Nobel Prize in Physics,2007,69,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q153219,814,
Anne L’Huillier,Nobel Prize,Physics,female,1958,1988,30,"Ferray, L’Huillier, Li, Lompré, Mainfray & Manus, J. Phys. B 21, L31 (1988)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2023,65,35,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-physicsprize2023-2.pdf,Q565544,1028,"Prose p2: the first high-harmonic experiment with an infrared laser, at Paris-Saclay [4], showed the plateau. Her own theory paper is 1991 (ref 8). Her 1982 paper (ref 3) is background on multiphoton ionization."
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1933,1988,55,laser cooling below the one photon recoil by velocity selective coherent population trapping,Nobel Prize in Physics,1997,64,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190697,153,
Francis Halzen,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1944,1988,44,"Halzen & Learned, ""High-energy neutrino detection in deep polar ice"", Univ. Wisconsin preprint MAD/PH/428 (June 1988)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2026,82,38,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-physicsprize2026-1.pdf,Q20942818,1064,"Preprint, not a journal paper. Summary p17: his contributions run 'from its invention and conceptual design'. The astrophysical-neutrino discovery itself is IceCube Collaboration 2013 (refs 23, 25; author list not shown in the PDF); use 2013 for the discovery."
William D. Phillips,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1948,1988,40,observation of atoms laser cooled below the doppler limit,Nobel Prize in Physics,1997,49,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190756,154,
John C. Mather,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1946,1990,44,a preliminary measurement of the cosmic microwave background spectrum by the cosmic background explorer cobe satellite,Nobel Prize in Physics,2006,60,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104651,804,
George F. Smoot,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1945,1992,47,cobe differential microwave radiometers preliminary systematic error analysis,Nobel Prize in Physics,2006,61,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q179572,805,
Pierre Agostini,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1941,1994,53,"Schins, Breger, Agostini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2180 (1994)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2023,82,29,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-physicsprize2023-2.pdf,Q122921025,1026,His 1979 discovery of above-threshold ionization (ref 11) is cited as background to the rescattering theory; his attosecond pulse-train measurement is Paul et al. 2001 (ref 23).
Shuji Nakamura,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1954,1994,40,candela class high brightness ingan algan double heterostructure blue light emitting diodes,Nobel Prize in Physics,2014,60,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q730065,908,
Carl Wieman,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1951,1995,44,observation of bose einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor,Nobel Prize in Physics,2001,50,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q206379,740,
David J. Wineland,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1944,1995,51,demonstration of a fundamental quantum logic gate,Nobel Prize in Physics,2012,68,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q61045,877,
Didier Queloz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1966,1995,29,"Mayor & Queloz, Nature 378, 355 (1995)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2019,53,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-physicsprize2019-3.pdf,Q124013,975,Same paper as Mayor.
Eric Cornell,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1961,1995,34,observation of bose einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor,Nobel Prize in Physics,2001,40,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q205954,738,
Michel Mayor,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1942,1995,53,"Mayor & Queloz, Nature 378, 355 (1995)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2019,77,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-physicsprize2019-3.pdf,Q123975,974,"Prose p20: 'the breakthrough paper [14]'. Earlier Mayor papers (refs 6-7, 1989-1991) are cited only as background ('Several observational campaigns started in the early 1980s')."
Wolfgang Ketterle,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1957,1995,38,bose einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms,Nobel Prize in Physics,2001,44,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76462,739,
Reinhard Genzel,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1952,1996,44,"Eckart & Genzel, Nature 383, 415 (1996)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2020,68,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-physicsprize2020.pdf,Q65807,989,
Serge Haroche,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1944,1996,52,quantum rabi oscillation a direct test of field quantization in a cavity,Nobel Prize in Physics,2012,68,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q109588,876,
Anton Zeilinger,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1945,1997,52,"Bouwmeester et al., Nature 390, 575 (1997)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2022,77,25,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/05/advanced-physicsprize-2022-5.pdf,Q78610,1014,"Earliest cited Zeilinger experiment (p12: 'the first experiments were performed in 1997 by the groups of Anton Zeilinger [20]'). His GHZ paper (1989, ref 26) and entanglement-swapping proposal (1993, ref 22) are theory; use 1989 if theory counts."
Ferenc Krausz,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1962,1997,35,"Nisoli et al., Opt. Lett. 22, 522 (1997); Spielmann et al., Science 278, 661 (1997)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2023,61,26,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-physicsprize2023-2.pdf,Q86970,1027,"Prose p5: 'The path to isolated attosecond pulses required technical developments that Krausz explored with his research group in Vienna ... [21, 22]'. Isolated attosecond pulses: Hentschel et al. 2001 (ref 24)."
Adam G. Riess,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1969,1998,29,observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant,Nobel Prize in Physics,2011,42,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106454,866,
Andrea Ghez,Nobel Prize,Physics,female,1965,1998,33,"Ghez, Klein, Morris & Becklin, Astrophys. J. 509, 678 (1998)",Nobel Prize in Physics,2020,55,22,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-physicsprize2020.pdf,Q493956,990,
Brian P. Schmidt,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1967,1998,31,observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant,Nobel Prize in Physics,2011,44,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q201452,865,
Saul Perlmutter,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1959,1998,39,discovery of a supernova explosion at half the age of the universe,Nobel Prize in Physics,2011,52,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106949,864,
Takaaki Kajita,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1959,1998,39,evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos,Nobel Prize in Physics,2015,56,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q11538917,919,
Theodor W. Hänsch,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1941,2000,59,direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300 thz femtosecond laser comb,Nobel Prize in Physics,2005,64,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q71013,793,
Arthur B. McDonald,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1943,2001,58,measurement of the rate of ve d p p e interactions produced by 8b solar neutrinos at the sudbury neutrino observatory,Nobel Prize in Physics,2015,72,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q710597,920,
Andre Geim,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1958,2004,46,electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,Nobel Prize in Physics,2010,52,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104104,849,
Konstantin Novoselov,Nobel Prize,Physics,male,1974,2004,30,electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,Nobel Prize in Physics,2010,36,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106494,850,
Camillo Golgi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1843,1872,29,"Golgi, nervous-system investigations begun 1872 (silver staining, 1870s)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1906,63,34,Nobel committee document (medium),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1906/golgi/biographical/,Q150630,298,"Bio: 'In 1872 he accepted the post ... at Abbiategrasso, and it is believed that ... he first started his investigations into the nervous system' (the year is in the preceding clause); facts: silver staining 'In the 1870s'. Start of the work, hedged; no dated first paper on the page."
Alphonse Laveran,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1845,1880,35,"Laveran, malaria parasite described to the Paris academies (1880-1882)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1907,62,27,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1907/laveran/lecture/,Q189006,300,Lecture: described in memoranda to the Academy of Medicine and Academy of Sciences (1880-1882). Speech: research began 1879; Traité 1884.
Albrecht Kossel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1853,1881,28,"Kossel, Untersuchungen über die Nukleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte (1881)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1910,57,29,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1910/kossel/biographical/,Q57128,304,"Earliest dated work on the page; facts: 'From the 1880s'. His earlier, undated work on peptones is not counted."
Robert Koch,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1843,1882,39,"Koch, tubercle bacillus (lecture of 24 March 1882)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1905,62,23,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/ceremony-speech/,Q37193,297,
Ilya Mechnikov,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1845,1883,38,"Mechnikov, first paper on phagocytosis (Odessa, 1883)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1908,63,25,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/mechnikov/biographical/,Q172254,301,"His 1865 observation of intracellular digestion in a flatworm is called an influence, not the prize work."
Theodor Kocher,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1841,1883,42,"Kocher, cachexia strumipriva announced at the German Surgical Congress (April 1883)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1909,68,26,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/kocher-lecture.pdf,Q115478,303,"Speech: 'in April, 1883, the latter gave a comprehensive exposition' on the consequences of thyroid removal. His goitre operations began earlier, but no earlier dated thyroid paper is named on the pages."
Sir Charles Sherrington,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1857,1884,27,"Langley & Sherrington, paper on the functions of nerves (1884)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1932,75,48,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1932/sherrington/biographical/,Q213504,323,'This problem' = the experimental study of the functions of nerves (bio). His lecture dates his reflex-inhibition findings to 1892; use 1892 if only the reflex work counts.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1852,1888,36,"Cajal, nervous-system papers in his Revista Trimestral de Histología (from 1888)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1906,54,18,Nobel committee document (medium),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1906/cajal/biographical/,Q150526,299,Year inferred from the journal in which his neuron papers appeared ('1888 onwards'); the page gives no dated first paper. His lecture's own dated claims are later (1894).
Allvar Gullstrand,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1862,1890,28,"Gullstrand, Bidrag till astigmatismens teori (thesis, 1890)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1911,49,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1911/gullstrand/biographical/,Q192651,305,
Emil von Behring,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1854,1890,36,"Behring & Kitasato, diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin (1890)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1901,47,11,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/biographical/,Q76425,293,"Facts page dates the horse-serum treatment to 1900, a later step."
Paul Ehrlich,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1854,1891,37,"Ehrlich, abrin (and ricin) immunity study (1891)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1908,54,17,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/lecture/,Q57089,302,Dated in Behring's 1901 Nobel lecture (footnote). Ehrlich's own bio: 'In 1890 ... Ehrlich then began the immunological studies with which his name will always be associated'; use 1890 for the start.
Ivan Pavlov,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1849,1895,46,"Pavlov, lectures on the work of the principal digestive glands (delivered 1895, printed 1897)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1904,55,9,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/biographical/,Q42985,296,Bio: 'in the years 1891-1900 Pavlov did the bulk of his research on the physiology of digestion'. His undated student treatise on the pancreatic nerves (1870s) is not counted. Use 1891 for the start of the research.
Niels Ryberg Finsen,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1860,1895,35,"Finsen, light treatment of lupus vulgaris (first patient November 1895)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1903,43,8,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1903/ceremony-speech/,Q182964,295,"Speech and bio also date his red-light treatment of smallpox to 1893 (light kept out, not concentrated light); use 1893 if that counts as the start of his light therapy."
Jules Bordet,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1870,1896,26,"Bordet, complement and antibodies in cholera immunity (1896)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1919,49,23,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1919/bordet/facts/,Q211787,309,Bio: haemolytic sera 1898; speech: complement fixation 1900.
Ronald Ross,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1857,1897,40,"Ross, British Medical Journal, 18 Dec. 1897, p. 1787",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1902,45,5,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/09/ross-lecture-2.pdf,Q102034,294,Lecture section 13 'Secunderabad; 1897. The fundamental discovery' (pigmented cells in Anopheles); facts: 'in 1897 he found the malaria parasite ... in the stomach of a certain species of mosquito'.
Karl Landsteiner,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1868,1901,33,"Landsteiner, human blood groups (published 1901)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1930,62,29,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1930/ceremony-speech/,Q84405,321,Speech: first observation in 1900; bio: 'his discovery in 1901'.
Charles Richet,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1850,1902,52,the anaphylactic effect of certain venoms,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1913,63,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q214851,307,
Willem Einthoven,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1860,1903,43,ein neues galvanometer,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1924,64,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q189488,315,
Alexis Carrel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1873,1906,33,results of the biterminal transplantation of veins,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1912,39,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q185777,306,
Charles Nicolle,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1866,1909,43,experimental reproduction of exanthematic typhus in the monkey,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1928,62,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233965,318,
Archibald V. Hill,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1886,1910,24,a new mathematical treatment of changes of ionic concentration in muscle and nerve under the action of electric currents with a theory as to their mode of excitation,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1922,36,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155375,311,
Peyton Rous,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1879,1910,31,a transmissible avian neoplasm sarcoma of the common fowl,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1966,87,56,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q298707,383,
Sir Frederick Hopkins,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1861,1912,51,feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1929,68,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233976,320,
August Krogh,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1874,1913,39,the regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1920,46,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q152187,310,
Johannes Fibiger,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1867,1913,46,"Fibiger, first paper on Spiroptera carcinoma (1913)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1926,59,13,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1926/fibiger/lecture/,Q216324,316,"Lecture also: 'In 1913, some six months after I had published my first work on Spiroptera carcinoma'. The first observation of the stomach tumours in rats was in 1907 (lecture, speech)."
Karl von Frisch,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1886,1914,28,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1973,87,59,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/frisch-lecture.pdf,Q60060,400,"Li et al. 2019 give 1927 (Aus dem Leben der Bienen); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1914: ""1. K. von Frisch, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. Tiere 35 , 1 (1914-1915)."""
Sir Henry Dale,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1875,1914,39,the action of certain esters and ethers of choline and their relation to muscarine,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1936,61,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q72194,330,
Thomas H. Morgan,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1866,1916,50,sex limited inheritance in drosophila,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1933,67,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q177681,325,
Julius Wagner-Jauregg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1857,1917,60,"Wagner-Jauregg, first malaria inoculations of paralytics (1917)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1927,70,10,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1927/wagner-jauregg/lecture/,Q78479,317,He had proposed inducing malaria (or erysipelas) as early as 1887 (same lecture); use 1887 if the proposal counts. First report of results 1918-1920 (lecture).
Otto Meyerhof,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1884,1919,35,uber die atmung der froschmuskulatur,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1922,38,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57132,312,
George H. Whipple,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1878,1920,42,blood volume studies iii behavior of large series of dyes introduced into the circulating blood,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1934,56,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273238,326,
John Macleod,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1876,1921,45,The internal secretion of the pancreas,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1923,47,2,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232024,314,
Frederick G. Banting,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1891,1922,31,pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1923,32,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q180350,313,
Herbert S. Gasser,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1888,1922,34,a study of the action currents of nerve with the cathode ray oscillograph,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1944,56,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273201,338,
Joseph Erlanger,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1874,1922,48,a study of the action currents of nerve with the cathode ray oscillograph,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1944,70,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q243532,337,
Bernardo Houssay,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1887,1924,37,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1947,60,23,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/houssay/lecture/,Q237160,345,"Li et al. 2019 give 1942 (the sensitivity to hypertensin adrenalin and renin of unanesthetized normal adrenalectomized hypophysectomized and nephrectomized dogs); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1924: ""With Magenta (1924-1927-1929) I found that hypophysectomized dogs were hypersensitive to the toxic and hypoglycemic action of insulin."""
Hans Spemann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1869,1924,55,uber induktion von embryonalanlagen durch implantation artfremder organisatoren,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1935,66,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57568,329,
Otto Loewi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1873,1924,51,uber humorale ubertragbarkeit der herznervenwirkung,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1936,63,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77173,331,
George R. Minot,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1885,1926,41,treatment of pernicious anemia by a special diet,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1934,49,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q245000,327,
William P. Murphy,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1892,1926,34,treatment of pernicious anemia by a special diet,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1934,42,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80323,328,
Edgar Adrian,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1889,1928,39,the discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres part i impulses in single fibres of the phrenic nerve,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1932,43,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q231292,324,
Hermann J. Muller,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1890,1928,38,the measurement of gene mutation rate in drosophila its high variability and its dependence upon temperature,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1946,56,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83598,342,
Otto Warburg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1883,1928,45,uber die wirkung des kohlenoxyds auf den stoffwechsel der hefe,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1931,48,3,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76464,322,
Carl Cori,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1896,1929,33,glycogen formation in the liver from d and l lactic acid,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1947,51,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78501,343,
Sir Alexander Fleming,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1881,1929,48,on the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium with special reference to their use in the isolation of b influenzae,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1945,64,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q37064,339,
Werner Forssmann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1904,1929,25,"Forssmann, self-catheterization of the right heart (1929)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1956,52,27,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1956/forssmann/lecture/,Q77152,361,Lecture: his first publication preceded a 1930 paper by about six months; facts: 'In 1929'.
Corneille Heymans,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1892,1931,39,"the mechanism of bradycardia caused by nicotine, lobeline, cyanine, sodium sulphur, nitrite and morphine. the asphyctic bradycardia",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1938,46,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q156482,333,
Albert Szent-Györgyi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1893,1932,39,hexuronic acid as the antiscorbutic factor,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1937,44,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q180468,332,
Nikolaas Tinbergen,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1907,1932,25,"Tinbergen, thesis on the homing of the digger wasp Philanthus (Leiden, 1932)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1973,66,41,Nobel committee document (medium),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1973/tinbergen/biographical/,Q153890,402,Year inferred: his autobiography says he hurried to finish the Philanthus homing thesis before leaving for the Polar Year 1932-33; the thesis year itself is not printed. Later stickleback and gull studies are undated on the page.
Ragnar Granit,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1900,1933,33,the components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1967,67,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q217722,385,
Tadeus Reichstein,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1897,1934,37,eine ergiebige synthese der l ascorbinsaure c vitamin,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1950,53,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q115490,350,
Gerhard Domagk,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1895,1935,40,ein beitrag zur chemotherapie der bakteriellen infektionen,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1939,44,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57192,334,
Gerty Cori,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1896,1935,39,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1947,51,12,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/cori-lecture-1.pdf,Q204733,344,"Li et al. 2019 give 1929 (glycogen formation in the liver from d and l lactic acid); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1935: ""These findings were presented in 1935 at the 15th International"""
Henrik Dam,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1895,1935,40,the antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1943,48,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q190501,335,
Hugo Theorell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1935,32,the yellow oxidation-enzyme,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1955,52,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q156480,359,
Konrad Lorenz,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1935,32,Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1973,70,38,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q78496,401,
Edward C. Kendall,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1886,1936,50,the chemistry of crystalline substances isolated from the suprarenal gland,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1950,64,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110101,349,
Walter Hess,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1881,1936,55,hypothalamus und die zentren des autonomen nervensystems physiologie,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1949,68,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q115470,347,
Daniel Bovet,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1907,1937,30,protective effect of phenolic ethers in the course of histaminic intoxication.,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1957,50,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q115448,363,
Egas Moniz,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1874,1937,63,prefrontal leucotomy in the treatment of mental disorders,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1949,75,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273219,348,
Hans Krebs,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1900,1937,37,metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1953,53,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q57191,354,
Max Theiler,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1899,1937,38,spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice a new virus disease,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1951,52,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q46928,352,
Edward A. Doisy,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1893,1939,46,the isolation of vitamin k2,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1943,50,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q230612,336,
Ernst B. Chain,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1906,1940,34,an enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1945,39,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q58054,340,
Selman A. Waksman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1888,1940,52,the soil as a source of microorganisms antagonistic to disease producing bacteria,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1952,64,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232308,353,
Sir Howard Florey,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1898,1940,42,penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1945,47,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q137106,341,
André F. Cournand,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1895,1941,46,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1956,61,15,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1956/cournand/facts/,Q271757,360,"Li et al. 2019 give 1947 (physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1941: ""beginning in 1941 André Cournand and Dickinson Richards published a series of studies that established use of cardiac catheterization"""
Charles B. Huggins,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1901,1941,40,studies on prostatic cancer i the effect of castration of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1966,65,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155371,384,
Edward Tatum,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1909,1941,32,genetic control of biochemical reactions in neurospora,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1958,49,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q237499,365,
George Beadle,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1941,38,genetic control of biochemical reactions in neurospora,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1958,55,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q238739,364,
Konrad Bloch,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1912,1943,31,the biological conversion of cholesterol to cholic acid,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1964,52,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q35698,378,
Max Delbrück,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1906,1943,37,MUTATIONS OF BACTERIA FROM VIRUS SENSITIVITY TO VIRUS RESISTANCE,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1969,63,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q76807,391,
Salvador E. Luria,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1912,1943,31,MUTATIONS OF BACTERIA FROM VIRUS SENSITIVITY TO VIRUS RESISTANCE,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1969,57,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q205667,393,
Paul Müller,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1899,1944,45,the constitution and toxic effect of natural and new synthetic insect killing substances,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1948,49,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q115475,346,
Albert Claude,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1898,1945,47,a study of tissue culture cells by electron microscopy methods and preliminary observations,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1974,76,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233943,403,
Fritz Lipmann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1899,1945,46,a specific micromethod for the determination of acyl phosphates,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1953,54,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77104,355,
Joshua Lederberg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1946,21,gene recombination in escherichia coli,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1958,33,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q218823,366,
Dickinson W. Richards,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1895,1947,52,physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1956,61,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q312963,362,
Georg von Békésy,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1899,1947,48,the variation of phase along the basilar membrane with sinusoidal vibrations,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1961,62,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q238716,371,
Barbara McClintock,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1902,1948,46,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1983,81,35,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1983/ceremony-speech/,Q199654,428,"Li et al. 2019 give 1941 (the stability of broken ends of chromosomes in zea mays); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1948: ""In a series of very advanced experiments carried out between 1948 and 1951, McClintock mapped several families of control elements."""
Frederick C. Robbins,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1949,33,cultivation of the lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1954,38,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309885,358,
John F. Enders,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1897,1949,52,cultivation of the lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1954,57,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q312961,356,
Philip S. Hench,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1896,1949,53,the effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone - compound-e) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis - preliminary report,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1950,54,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q235651,351,
Sir Bernard Katz,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1911,1949,38,the effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1970,59,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q4517,394,
Thomas H. Weller,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1915,1949,34,cultivation of the lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1954,39,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q310131,357,
André Lwoff,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1902,1950,48,induction of bacteriophage production in a bacterium,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1965,63,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q223309,381,
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1899,1950,51,the failure of antibody production in the chick embryo,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1960,61,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q193550,369,
Edward B. Lewis,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1918,1951,33,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1995,77,44,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/lewis/biographical/,Q274123,452,"Li et al. 2019 give 1978 (a gene complex controlling segmentation in drosophila); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1951: ""1951 Lewis, E. B. Pseudoallelism and gene evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 16 : 159-174."""
Peter Medawar,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1915,1951,36,the technique of free skin grafting in mammals,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1960,45,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q214209,370,
Alan Hodgkin,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1914,1952,38,a quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1963,49,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q193650,376,
Alfred D. Hershey,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1908,1952,44,independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1969,61,17,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q271703,392,
Andrew Huxley,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1917,1952,35,a quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1963,46,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104607,377,
George D. Snell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1952,49,some transamination reactions involving vitamin b6,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1980,77,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295666,421,
George H. Hitchings,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1905,1952,47,studies on condensed pyrimidine systems ix the synthesis of some 6 substituted purines,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1988,83,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q310487,439,
George Wald,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1906,1952,46,cis trans isomers of vitamin a and retinene in the rhodopsin system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1967,61,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295724,387,
Gertrude B. Elion,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1918,1952,34,studies on condensed pyrimidine systems ix the synthesis of some 6 substituted purines,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1988,70,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q35703,438,
Keffer Hartline,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1952,49,the peripheral origin of nervous activity in the visual system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1967,64,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309879,386,
Rita Levi-Montalcini,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1909,1952,43,effects of mouse tumor transplantation on the nervous system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1986,77,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q185007,435,
Sir John Eccles,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1903,1952,49,the recording of potentials from motoneurones with an intracellular electrode,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1963,60,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273223,375,
Feodor Lynen,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1911,1953,42,enzymes of fatty acid metabolism,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1964,53,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q44597,379,
Francis Crick,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1953,37,genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1962,46,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q123280,372,
James Watson,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1928,1953,25,genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1962,34,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q83333,373,
Maurice Wilkins,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1953,37,molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1962,46,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q184659,374,
Jean Dausset,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1954,38,leukoagglutinins v leukoagglutinins in chronic idiopathic or symptomatic pancytopenia and in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1980,64,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q152760,420,
Renato Dulbecco,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1914,1954,40,plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1975,61,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q109553,407,
Stanley Cohen,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1922,1954,32,a nerve growth stimulating factor isolated from sarcom as 37 and 180,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1986,64,32,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232299,434,
Christian de Duve,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1917,1955,38,tissue fractionation studies 5 the association of acid phosphatase with a special class of cytoplasmic granules in rat liver,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1974,57,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q234590,404,
Edmond H. Fischer,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1920,1955,35,Conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in muscle extracts.,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1992,72,37,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q109726,446,
George E. Palade,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1912,1955,43,a small particulate component of the cytoplasm,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1974,62,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q219718,405,
Niels K. Jerne,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1911,1955,44,the natural selection theory of antibody formation,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1984,73,29,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309876,429,
Roger Guillemin,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1924,1955,31,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1977,53,22,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1977/ceremony-speech/,Q242169,411,"Li et al. 2019 give 1970 (characterization of ovine hypothalamic hypophysiotropic tsh releasing factor); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1955: ""By the mid 1950’s it was evident – also here through the contributions of Guillemin and Schally – that the midbrain produces chemical substances"""
Severo Ochoa,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1905,1955,50,116 isocitric dehydrogenase system tpn from pig heart,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1959,54,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q233957,367,
Joseph E. Murray,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1919,1956,37,Successful Homotransplantation of the Kidney in an Identical Twin,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1990,71,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q192282,442,
Rosalyn Yalow,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1921,1956,35,insulin i131 metabolism in human subjects demonstration of insulin binding globulin in the circulation of insulin treated subjects,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1977,56,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q107402,413,
Ulf von Euler,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1905,1956,51,evidence for the presence of noradrenaline in submicroscopic structures of adrenergic axons,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1970,65,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q237142,395,
Arvid Carlsson,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1923,1957,34,3 4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5 hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2000,77,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q298045,722,
Julius Axelrod,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1912,1957,45,o methylation of epinephrine and other catechols in vitro and in vivo,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1970,58,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110106,396,
Robert W. Holley,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1922,1957,35,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1968,46,11,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/holley-lecture.pdf,Q108891,388,"Li et al. 2019 give 1965 (Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1957: ""4. R.W. Holley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79 (1957) 658."""
Arthur Kornberg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1918,1958,40,enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid i preparation of substrates and partial purification of an enzyme from escherichia coli,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1959,41,1,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295678,368,
Edwin G. Krebs,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1918,1958,40,the reaction of sodium borohydride with muscle phosphorylase1,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1992,74,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q109731,447,
Sune K. Bergström,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1958,42,on the regulation of bile acid formation in the rat liver,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1982,66,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295696,425,
E. Donnall Thomas,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1920,1959,39,SUPRALETHAL WHOLE BODY IRRADIATION AND ISOLOGOUS MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN MAN,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1990,70,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q310485,443,
Gerald M. Edelman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1929,1959,30,dissociation of  globulin,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1972,43,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q271766,398,
Rodney R. Porter,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1917,1959,42,the hydrolysis of rabbit  globulin and antibodies with crystalline papain,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1972,55,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295700,399,
Baruj Benacerraf,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1920,1961,41,the role of the reticuloendothelial system in the host reaction to neoplasia,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1980,60,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q234701,419,
François Jacob,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1920,1961,41,genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1965,45,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q218311,380,
Jacques Monod,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1910,1961,51,genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1965,55,4,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q231402,382,
Marshall W. Nirenberg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1927,1961,34,the dependence of cell free protein synthesis in e coli upon naturally occurring or synthetic polyribonucleotides,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1968,41,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110060,390,
David H. Hubel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1926,1962,36,receptive fields binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat s visual cortex,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1981,55,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295644,423,
"Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.",Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1915,1962,47,adenyl cyclase iii the effect of catecholamines and choline esters on the formation of adenosine 3 5 phosphate by preparations from cardiac muscle and liver,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1971,56,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q68118,397,
Sir James W. Black,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1924,1962,38,pharmacology of a new adrenergic beta receptor blocking compound nethalide,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1988,64,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q110974,437,
Sir John B. Gurdon,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1933,1962,29,adult frogs derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2012,79,50,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q81218,874,
Torsten N. Wiesel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1924,1962,38,receptive fields binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat s visual cortex,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1981,57,19,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q271421,424,
Werner Arber,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1929,1962,33,host specificity of dna produced by escherichia coli ii control over acceptance of dna from infecting phage ,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1978,49,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q115495,414,
Allan M. Cormack,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1924,1963,39,representation of a function by its line integrals with some radiological applications,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1979,55,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q223542,417,
H. Gobind Khorana,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1922,1963,41,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1968,46,5,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/khorana-lecture.pdf,Q107462,389,"Li et al. 2019 give 1958 (carbodiimides viii 1 observations on the reactions of carbodiimides with acids and some new applications in the synthesis of phosphoric acid esters); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1963: ""the period starting with the spring of 1963 and ending with 1967 was a period, essentially, of uninter- rupted success"""
Roger W. Sperry,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1913,1963,50,chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1981,68,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q232305,422,
Baruch S. Blumberg,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1965,40,a new antigen in leukemia sera,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1976,51,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105830,409,
D. Carleton Gajdusek,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1923,1966,43,experimental transmission of a kuru like syndrome to chimpanzees,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1976,53,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q108576,410,
Andrew V. Schally,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1926,1969,43,isolation and properties of porcine thyrotropin releasing hormone,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1977,51,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q141147,412,
Martin Rodbell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1969,44,adenyl cyclase in fat cells ii hormone receptors,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1994,69,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q60031,451,
Paul Greengard,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1969,44,cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases iv widespread occurrence of adenosine 3 5 monophosphate dependent protein kinase in various tissues and phyla of the animal kingdom,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2000,75,31,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309979,723,
Robert G. Edwards,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1969,44,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2010,85,41,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2010/ceremony-speech/,Q104913,848,"Li et al. 2019 give 1978 (birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1969: ""In 1969, Edwards and his colleagues showed that human eggs could be fertilised outside the body, a revolutionary discovery."""
David Baltimore,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1938,1970,32,viral rna dependent dna polymerase rna dependent dna polymerase in virions of rna tumour viruses,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1975,37,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q234949,406,
Eric Kandel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1929,1970,41,neuronal correlates of habituation and dishabituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in aplysia,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2000,71,30,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155529,724,
Hamilton O. Smith,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1931,1970,39,a restriction enzyme from hemophilus influenzae i purification and general properties,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1978,47,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q108896,416,
Howard M. Temin,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1934,1970,36,viral rna dependent dna polymerase rna dependent dna polymerase in virions of rous sarcoma virus,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1975,41,5,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q243536,408,
Daniel Nathans,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1928,1971,43,specific cleavage of simian virus 40 dna by restriction endonuclease of hemophilus influenzae,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1978,50,7,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295706,415,
John O'Keefe,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1939,1971,32,the hippocampus as a spatial map preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely moving rat,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2014,75,43,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q1701279,903,
John R. Vane,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1927,1971,44,inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin like drugs,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1982,55,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309971,427,
Leland Hartwell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1939,1971,32,genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast iv genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2001,62,30,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295869,735,
Harvey J. Alter,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1935,1972,37,"Alter et al., Ann. Intern. Med. 77, 691 (1972)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2020,85,48,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-medicineprize2020-2.pdf,Q5677307,985,"Ref 9 (Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH ...). Prose p2-3: 'Among the patients studied by Alter ... [9]. He concluded that at least two different viruses could cause post-transfusion hepatitis.' The name non-A, non-B hepatitis came in 1975 (refs 15-16); use 1975 if preferred."
Tu Youyou,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1930,1972,42,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2015,85,43,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/tu-lecture.pdf,Q462843,918,"Li et al. 2019 give 1977 (A new sesquiterpene lactone-qinghaosu); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1972: ""I reported our findings at the nationwide Project 523 meeting held in Nan- jing on March 8, 1972"""
Godfrey N. Hounsfield,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1919,1973,54,computerized transverse axial scanning tomography part 1 description of system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1979,60,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q273769,418,
Michael S. Brown,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1941,1973,32,regulation of 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in human fibroblasts by lipoproteins,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1985,44,12,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295684,432,
Paul C. Lauterbur,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1929,1973,44,image formation by induced local interactions examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2003,74,30,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q106547,764,
Ralph M. Steinman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1943,1973,30,identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice i morphology quantitation tissue distribution,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2011,68,38,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105494,863,
Bengt I. Samuelsson,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1934,1974,40,isolation and structure of two prostaglandin endoperoxides that cause platelet aggregation,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1982,48,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295768,426,
Joseph L. Goldstein,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1940,1974,34,binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1985,45,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q271424,433,
Peter C. Doherty,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1940,1974,34,restriction of in vitro t cell mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1996,56,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309814,455,
Rolf M. Zinkernagel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1944,1974,30,restriction of in vitro t cell mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1996,52,22,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q116064,456,
Sydney Brenner,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1927,1974,47,the genetics of caenorhabditis elegans,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2002,75,28,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q234463,750,
César Milstein,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1927,1975,48,continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1984,57,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155525,431,
Georges J.F. Köhler,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1946,1975,29,continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1984,38,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77160,430,
Günter Blobel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1936,1975,39,transfer of proteins across membranes i presence of proteolytically processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane bound ribosomes of murine myeloma,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1999,63,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q60108,461,
Harold E. Varmus,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1939,1976,37,dna related to the transforming gene s of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian dna,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1989,50,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295691,441,
J. Michael Bishop,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1936,1976,40,dna related to the transforming gene s of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian dna,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1989,53,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q311358,440,
Susumu Tonegawa,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1939,1976,37,evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1987,48,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q108602,436,
Ferid Murad,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1936,1977,41,stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside nitroglycerin and nitric oxide in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azide and hydroxylamine,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1998,62,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295999,460,
John E. Sulston,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1942,1977,35,post embryonic cell lineages of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2002,60,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q271532,752,
Phillip A. Sharp,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1944,1977,33,Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1993,49,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q312977,449,
Richard J. Roberts,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1943,1977,34,an amazing sequence arrangement at the 5 ends of adenovirus 2 messenger rna,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1993,50,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309816,448,
Sir Peter Mansfield,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1933,1977,44,multi planar image formation using nmr spin echoes,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2003,70,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q243601,765,
Elizabeth H. Blackburn,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1948,1978,30,see note,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2009,61,31,nobelprize.org (checked; corrects Li et al.),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/blackburn_lecture.pdf,Q26321,835,"Li et al. 2019 give 1982 (cloning yeast telomeres on linear plasmid vectors); the Nobel records date the prize-winning work to 1978: ""The results describing tandemly repeated CCCCaa sequences at the rdna ends were published in 1978."""
Randy W. Schekman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1948,1979,31,secretion and cell surface growth are blocked in a temperature sensitive mutant of saccharomyces cerevisiae,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2013,65,34,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q740638,885,
Satoshi Ōmura,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1935,1979,44,avermectins new family of potent anthelmintic agents producing organism and fermentation,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2015,80,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q21061207,917,
William C. Campbell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1930,1979,49,avermectins new family of potent anthelmintic agents efficacy of the b1a component,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2015,85,36,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q21061212,916,
Alfred G. Gilman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1941,1980,39,purification of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1994,53,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q296423,450,
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1942,1980,38,mutations affecting segment number and polarity in drosophila,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1995,53,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77174,453,
Eric F. Wieschaus,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1947,1980,33,mutations affecting segment number and polarity in drosophila,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1995,48,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q301438,454,
Mario R. Capecchi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1937,1980,43,high efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of dna into cultured mammalian cells,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2007,70,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q215574,811,
Robert F. Furchgott,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1916,1980,64,the obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1998,82,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q108880,458,
Bert Sakmann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1942,1981,39,mproved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1991,49,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77081,445,
Erwin Neher,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1944,1981,37,Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1991,47,10,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q77126,444,
Sir Martin J. Evans,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1941,1981,40,establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2007,66,26,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q207719,812,
Jack W. Szostak,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1952,1982,30,cloning yeast telomeres on linear plasmid vectors,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2009,57,27,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104600,837,
Stanley B. Prusiner,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1942,1982,40,novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1997,55,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q155380,457,
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1947,1983,36,isolation of a t lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2008,61,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q103844,824,
Luc Montagnier,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1932,1983,51,isolation of a t lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2008,76,25,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q103598,825,
Tim Hunt,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1943,1983,40,cyclin a protein specified by maternal mrna in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2001,58,18,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309977,736,
Barry J. Marshall,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1951,1984,33,unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2005,54,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202136,789,
Harald zur Hausen,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1936,1984,48,a new type of papillomavirus dna its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2008,72,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q75847,823,
J. Robin Warren,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1937,1984,47,unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2005,68,21,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q208670,790,
Jeffrey C. Hall,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1945,1984,39,"Reddy et al., Cell 38, 701 (1984); Zehring et al., Cell (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2017,72,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-medicineprize2017.pdf,Q1686435,938,"Prose p2: period cloned in the mid-1980s by Hall and Rosbash (Brandeis) and Young (Rockefeller) (Bargiello and Young, 1984; Bargiello et al., 1984; Reddy et al., 1984; Zehring et al., 1984)."
Michael Rosbash,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1944,1984,40,"Reddy et al., Cell 38, 701 (1984); Zehring et al., Cell (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2017,73,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-medicineprize2017.pdf,Q1297741,939,Same 1984 period-cloning papers as Hall.
Michael W. Young,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1949,1984,35,"Bargiello & Young, PNAS 81, 2142 (1984); Bargiello, Jackson & Young, Nature 312, 752 (1984)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2017,68,33,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/advanced-medicineprize2017.pdf,Q1929672,940,Prose p2 lists Bargiello and Young 1984 among the period-cloning papers.
Oliver Smithies,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1925,1984,59,a comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the vax,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2007,82,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q216318,813,
Carol W. Greider,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1961,1985,24,identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in tetrahymena extracts,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2009,48,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q26322,836,
H. Robert Horvitz,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1947,1986,39,genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode c elegans,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2002,55,16,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q295659,751,
Louis J. Ignarro,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1941,1987,46,endothelium derived relaxing factor from pulmonary artery and vein possesses pharmacologic and chemical properties identical to those of nitric oxide radical,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1998,57,11,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q309820,459,
Sir Paul Nurse,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1949,1987,38,complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2001,52,14,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q219716,737,
Gregg L. Semenza,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1956,1989,33,"Semenza, Traystman, Gearhart & Antonarakis, PNAS 86, 2301 (1989)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2019,63,30,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-medicineprize2019.pdf,Q1545025,972,"First paper in the section 'The isolation of HIF' (p2: 'Semenza and colleagues first demonstrated ... (Semenza et al., 1989)'). The summary (p1) says he identified HIF 'In studies during the early 1990's' (Semenza et al. 1991a,b; HIF named in Semenza & Wang 1992); use 1991 if the EPO-transgene groundwork is excluded."
Michael Houghton,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1949,1989,40,"Choo, Kuo, Weiner, Overby, Bradley & Houghton, Science 244, 359 (1989)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2020,71,31,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-medicineprize2020-2.pdf,Q1927895,986,
Thomas C. Südhof,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1955,1990,35,phospholipid binding by a synaptic vesicle protein homologous to the regulatory region of protein kinase c,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2013,58,23,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q97270,886,
Linda B. Buck,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1947,1991,44,a novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors a molecular basis for odor recognition,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2004,57,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q200136,775,
Peter Hegemann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1954,1991,37,"Harz & Hegemann, Nature 351, 489 (1991)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2026,72,35,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-medicineprize2026.pdf,Q2075526,1062,"First paper in the section 'The discovery of channelrhodopsin' (p4: 'Early functional evidence came from Peter Hegemann and colleagues ... (Harz and Hegemann, 1991)'). Uhl & Hegemann 1990 is in the preceding background. Channelrhodopsin-1/-2: Nagel et al. 2002/2003 (with Hegemann)."
Richard Axel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1946,1991,45,a novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors a molecular basis for odor recognition,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2004,58,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q211940,774,
Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1954,1991,37,"Pugh, Tan, Jones & Ratcliffe, PNAS 88, 10553 (1991)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2019,65,28,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-medicineprize2019.pdf,Q2075967,971,"Prose p3: 'At about the same time, work from Sir Peter Ratcliffe's and Jaime Caro's laboratories reported ... (Beck et al., 1991; Pugh et al., 1991)'. The summary highlights his 1999 VHL-HIF paper (Maxwell et al. 1999, 'a key breakthrough')."
Tasuku Honjo,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1942,1992,50,"Ishida, Agata, Shibahara & Honjo, EMBO J. 11, 3887 (1992)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2018,76,26,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-medicineprize2018.pdf,Q2395341,959,"Prose p5: 'The second discovery awarded by this year's Nobel Prize' starts with PD-1 identified and cloned (Ishida et al., 1992). PD-1 blockade against tumours: Iwai et al. 2002."
Yoshinori Ohsumi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1945,1992,47,autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase deficient mutants and conditions for its induction,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2016,71,24,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q8056214,927,
Gary Ruvkun,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1952,1993,41,"Wightman, Ha & Ruvkun, Cell 75, 855 (1993)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2024,72,31,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/advanced-medicineprize2024-2.pdf,Q504021,1036,"Paper on p10 (Wightman, Ha and Ruvkun 1993). Earlier cited Ruvkun work on the same lin-14 problem: Ruvkun et al. 1989 (cloning), Wightman et al. 1991 (3'UTR, post-transcriptional control postulated); use 1989 if that groundwork counts."
James E. Rothman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1950,1993,43,a protein assembly disassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking activation and fusion,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2013,63,20,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q444270,884,
Victor Ambros,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1953,1993,40,"Lee, Feinbaum & Ambros, Cell 75, 843 (1993)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2024,71,31,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/advanced-medicineprize2024-2.pdf,Q983858,1035,"Paper on p9 (Lee, Feinbaum and Ambros 1993). The committee's discovery section also cites the joint lin-14 cloning (Ruvkun et al. 1989, which Ambros and Ruvkun pursued together); use 1989 if that groundwork counts."
Shimon Sakaguchi,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1951,1995,44,"Sakaguchi, Sakaguchi, Asano, Itoh & Toda, J. Immunol. 155 (1995)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2025,74,30,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/12/advanced-medicineprize2025-2.pdf,Q17502433,1049,"Under the heading 'The first breakthrough' (p6). His earlier paper (Sakaguchi, Takahashi & Nishizuka 1982: a CD5+/CD45RBlow fraction prevents autoimmunity after thymectomy) is in the preceding 'renaissance' section and re-cited as the starting point; use 1982 if that counts."
William G. Kaelin Jr,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1957,1995,38,"Iliopoulos, Kibel, Gray & Kaelin, Nat. Med. 1, 822 (1995); Kibel et al., Science 269, 1444 (1995)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2019,62,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-medicineprize2019.pdf,Q1603351,970,"Prose p4: 'in 1995, Kaelin's group published' the VHL tumour-suppression work."
Charles M. Rice,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1952,1996,44,"Kolykhalov, Feinstone & Rice, J. Virol. 70, 3363 (1996)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2020,68,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/advanced-medicineprize2020-2.pdf,Q22669757,987,Prose p4 ('The final proof'): 'A first step towards achieving this goal was made when the groups of Kunitada Shimotohno ... and Charles Rice ... [25-28]'. The decisive infectious-clone paper is Kolykhalov et al. 1997 (ref 29); use 1997 if preferred.
James P. Allison,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1948,1996,48,"Leach, Krummel & Allison, Science 271, 1734 (1996)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2018,70,22,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-medicineprize2018.pdf,Q6140731,958,"Reference on p14 (Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP ... Science 1996). Krummel & Allison 1995 (CTLA-4 as a negative regulator, after Walunas et al. 1994) is part of the 'accumulated knowledge'; use 1995 if counted."
Jules A. Hoffmann,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1941,1996,55,the dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette controls the potent antifungal response in drosophila adults,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2011,70,15,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q105605,862,
David Julius,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1955,1997,42,"Caterina et al., Nature 389, 816 (1997)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2021,66,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/advanced-medicine-2021.pdf,Q1174906,997,
Svante Pääbo,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1955,1997,42,"Krings et al., Cell 90, 19 (1997)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2022,67,25,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/advanced-medicineprize2022.pdf,Q170342,1011,"First paper under the committee's heading 'The discoveries' / 'The initial breakthrough: Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA' (p3); authorship from the prose. His ancient-DNA methods papers (Pääbo & Wilson 1988, ref 8; Pääbo 1989, ref 11) are in the preceding 'Methodological challenges' section; use 1988 if methods count."
Andrew Z. Fire,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1959,1998,39,potent and specific genetic interference by double stranded rna in caenorhabditis elegans,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2006,47,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q202152,802,
Bruce A. Beutler,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1957,1998,41,defective lps signaling in c3h hej and c57bl 10sccr mice mutations in tlr4 gene,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2011,54,13,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q104592,861,
Craig C. Mello,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1960,1998,38,potent and specific genetic interference by double stranded rna in caenorhabditis elegans,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2006,46,8,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q206455,803,
Fred Ramsdell,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1960,2001,41,"Brunkow et al., Nat. Genet. 27 (2001)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2025,65,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/12/advanced-medicineprize2025-2.pdf,Q28212107,1048,"Same paper as Brunkow (Ramsdell is last author, ref p13)."
Mary E. Brunkow,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1961,2001,40,"Brunkow et al., Nat. Genet. 27 (2001)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2025,64,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2025/12/advanced-medicineprize2025-2.pdf,Q136445350,1047,Human FOXP3/IPEX papers (Bennett et al. 2001; Wildin et al. 2001) are the same year.
Ardem Patapoutian,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1967,2002,35,"Peier et al., Cell 108, 705 (2002)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2021,54,19,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2021/10/advanced-medicine-2021.pdf,Q60322501,998,Summary p1: 'David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian independently made another important advance with the discovery of TRPM8'. His PIEZO1/PIEZO2 touch-receptor paper is Coste et al. 2010 (ref 64); use 2010 if only the mechanoreceptor work counts.
Georg Nagel,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1953,2002,49,"Nagel et al., Science 296, 2395 (2002)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2026,73,24,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-medicineprize2026.pdf,Q1247068,1063,Nagel et al. 1995 (bacteriorhodopsin in oocytes) is cited as his prior method on another protein. Channelrhodopsin-2: Nagel et al. 2003.
Drew Weissman,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1959,2005,46,"Karikó et al., Immunity 23, 165 (2005)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2023,64,18,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-medicinprize2023-3.pdf,Q88608402,1025,"Weissman's authorship of ref 45 from the prose. His earlier cited paper (Weissman et al. 2000, HIV gag mRNA in dendritic cells) is pre-breakthrough mRNA-vaccine work, not base modification."
Edvard I. Moser,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1962,2005,43,microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2014,52,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q5341373,905,
Karl Deisseroth,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1971,2005,34,"Boyden, Zhang, Bamberg, Nagel & Deisseroth, Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1263 (2005)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2026,55,21,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2026/10/advanced-medicineprize2026.pdf,Q935993,1061,Term 'optogenetics' coined in Deisseroth et al. 2006.
Katalin Karikó,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1955,2005,50,"Karikó et al., Immunity 23, 165 (2005)",Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2023,68,18,Nobel committee document (high),https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-medicinprize2023-3.pdf,Q88608397,1024,"Ref 45 (p11) 'Kariko, K., et al.' 2005. Her earlier cited mRNA papers (1999, 2001, 2004) and the joint dendritic-cell work come before the section 'The Kariko, Weissman breakthrough' and are not about base modifications."
May-Britt Moser,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,female,1963,2005,42,microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2014,51,9,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q6796222,904,
Shinya Yamanaka,Nobel Prize,Physiology or Medicine,male,1962,2006,44,induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors,Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,2012,50,6,Li et al. 2019 (prize-winning paper; checked against nobelprize.org),https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6NJ5RN,Q80917,875,
Leonardo da Vinci,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1452,1490,38,Vitruvian Man,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q215486 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215486,Q762,,
Michelangelo,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1475,1504,29,David,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q179900 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179900,Q5592,,
Raphael,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1483,1512,29,The School of Athens,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q186953 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186953,Q5597,,
Albrecht Dürer,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1471,1515,44,The Rhinoceros,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q748518 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748518,Q5580,,
Peter Paul Rubens,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1577,1609,32,The Elevation of the Cross,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q2653851 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2653851,Q5599,,
Anthony van Dyck,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1599,1635,36,Charles I in Three Positions,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q3998985 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3998985,Q150679,,
Nicolas Poussin,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1594,1638,44,Et in Arcadia ego,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q1140358 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140358,Q41554,,
Rembrandt,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1606,1642,36,The Night Watch,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q219831 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219831,Q5598,,
Diego Velázquez,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1599,1656,57,Las Meninas,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q208758 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208758,Q297,,
George Frideric Handel,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1685,1724,39,Giulio Cesare in Egitto,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q875563 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875563,Q7302,,
William Hogarth,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1697,1742,45,The Graham Children,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q3451328 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3451328,Q171344,,
Johann Sebastian Bach,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1685,1744,59,The Well-Tempered Clavier,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q211971 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211971,Q1339,,
Christoph Willibald von Gluck,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1714,1762,48,Orfeo ed Euridice,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q723776 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723776,Q130759,,
Joshua Reynolds,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1723,1769,46,Captain Arthur Blake,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q18503004 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18503004,Q194402,,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1756,1791,35,The Magic Flute,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q5064 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5064,Q254,,
Joseph Haydn,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1732,1794,62,Symphony No. 100,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q164779 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164779,Q7349,,
Antonio Canova,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1757,1815,58,Venus Victrix,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q1093113 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093113,Q5547,,
Gioachino Rossini,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1792,1815,23,The Barber of Seville,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q208659 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208659,Q9726,,
Carl Maria von Weber,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1786,1821,35,Der Freischütz,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q156435 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156435,Q154812,,
Ludwig van Beethoven,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1770,1826,56,Symphony No. 9,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q11989 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11989,Q255,,
Felix Mendelssohn,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1809,1845,36,Violin Concerto in E minor,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1054060 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054060,Q46096,,
Richard Wagner,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Artists and composers,,1813,1848,35,Der Ring des Nibelungen,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q190237 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190237,Q1511,,
Erasmus,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1466,1511,45,In Praise of Folly,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q569869 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569869,Q43499,,
Thomas More,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1478,1516,38,Utopia,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q404158 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q404158,Q42544,,
Martin Luther,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1483,1517,34,Ninety-five Theses,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q157506 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157506,Q9554,,
John Calvin,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1509,1536,27,Institutes of the Christian Religion,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q371558 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371558,Q37577,,
Theodore Beza,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1519,1574,55,Right of Magistrates,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q7333623 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7333623,Q314981,,
Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1633,1681,48,Fort Liberia,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q744309 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744309,Q192839,,
Emmanuel Swedenborg,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1688,1758,70,Heaven and Hell,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q5694782 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5694782,Q185832,,
Alexander Hamilton,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1757,1788,31,Federalist Papers,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q858036 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858036,Q178903,,
James Madison,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1751,1788,37,Federalist Papers,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q858036 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858036,Q11813,,
Edmund Burke,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1729,1790,61,Reflections on the Revolution in France,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2287584 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287584,Q165792,,
Lazare Carnot,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1753,1797,44,Réflexions sur la métaphysique du calcul infinitésimal,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q55076920 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55076920,Q310767,,
Benjamin Constant,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1767,1816,49,Adolphe,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1605244 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1605244,Q123089,,
Adolphe Thiers,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1797,1834,37,The History of the French Revolution,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q107179900 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107179900,Q5738,,
David Strauss,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1808,1835,27,The Life of Jesus Critically Examined,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q42192109 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42192109,Q57219,,
Benjamin Disraeli,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1804,1845,41,Sybil,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3506752 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506752,Q82006,,
John Bright,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1811,1858,47,On the English Foreign Policy,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q19086771 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19086771,Q176524,,
Abraham Lincoln,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Leaders,,1809,1863,54,Gettysburg Address,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q214524 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214524,Q91,,
François Rabelais,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Other,,1494,1534,40,Gargantua and Pantagruel,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q822290 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822290,Q131018,,
Titian,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Other,,1490,1538,48,Venus of Urbino,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q727875 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727875,Q47551,,
Ignatius of Loyola,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Other,,1491,1548,57,Spiritual Exercises,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q655710 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655710,Q44281,,
Luís de Camões,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Other,,1524,1572,48,Os Lusíadas,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q781898 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781898,Q590,,
William Shakespeare,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Other,,1564,1602,38,Hamlet,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q41567 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41567,Q692,,
Tommaso Campanella,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1568,1623,55,The City of the Sun,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q913656 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913656,Q191850,,
René Descartes,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1596,1637,41,Discourse on the Method,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q731224 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731224,Q9191,,
Thomas Hobbes,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1588,1651,63,Leviathan,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q193034 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193034,Q37621,,
Antoine Arnauld,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1612,1660,48,Port-Royal Grammar,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1542096 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1542096,Q353887,,
Nicolas Malebranche,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1638,1674,36,Search after Truth,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3020424 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3020424,Q309818,,
Benedictus de Spinoza,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1632,1677,45,Ethics,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q862816 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862816,Q35802,,
John Locke,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1632,1690,58,Two Treatises of Government,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q231949 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231949,Q9353,,
George Berkeley,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1685,1710,25,A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3267928 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3267928,Q82049,,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1646,1710,64,Théodicée,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2166858 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166858,Q9047,,
David Hume,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1711,1739,28,A Treatise of Human Nature,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2451675 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2451675,Q37160,,
Immanuel Kant,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1724,1781,57,Critique of Pure Reason,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q220002 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220002,Q9312,,
Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat de Condorcet,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1743,1781,38,Réflexions sur l'esclavage des nègres,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3454750 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454750,Q201477,,
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1770,1807,37,The Phenomenology of Spirit,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q877510 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877510,Q9235,,
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1775,1811,36,The Ages of the World,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q17053448 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17053448,Q60070,,
Victor Cousin,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1792,1826,34,Fragments philosophiques,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q97102889 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97102889,Q434346,,
John Stuart Mill,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Philosophers,,1806,1859,53,On Liberty,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1055881 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055881,Q50020,,
Nicolaus Copernicus,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1473,1543,70,De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q845981 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845981,Q619,,
Gerolamo Cardano,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1501,1545,44,Ars Magna,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1231083 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231083,Q184530,,
John Napier,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1550,1614,64,Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q107644956 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107644956,Q159592,,
Johannes Kepler,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1572,1619,47,Harmonices Mundi,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1066757 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066757,Q8963,,
Pierre Gassendi,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1592,1624,32,Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q42189737 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42189737,Q192315,,
Blaise Pascal,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1623,1642,19,Pascal's calculator,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q873501 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873501,Q1290,,
Robert Boyle,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1627,1661,34,The Sceptical Chymist,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q60161 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60161,Q43393,,
Christiaan Huygens,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1629,1673,44,Horologium Oscillatorium,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q17055395 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17055395,Q39599,,
Isaac Newton,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1643,1687,44,Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q205921 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205921,Q935,,
Carl Linnaeus,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1707,1735,28,Systema Naturae,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q29270 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29270,Q1043,,
"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon",Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1707,1749,42,Histoire naturelle,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3138032 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3138032,Q229264,,
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1717,1751,34,Encyclopédie,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q447 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447,Q153232,,
Joseph-Louis Lagrange,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1736,1788,52,Mécanique analytique,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q25100963 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25100963,Q80222,,
Antoine Lavoisier,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1743,1789,46,Traité Élémentaire de Chimie,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2163561 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2163561,Q39607,,
Pierre-Simon Laplace,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1749,1796,47,Exposition du système du monde,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q19170514 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19170514,Q44481,,
Georges Cuvier,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1769,1816,47,Le Règne Animal,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3454306 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454306,Q171969,,
Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1778,1817,39,Geneva Botanic Garden,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q677516 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677516,Q123057,,
John Franklin,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1786,1828,42,"Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1825, 1826, and 1827",,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q67086798 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67086798,Q2655,,
Alexander von Humboldt,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1769,1845,76,Cosmos,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q584294 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584294,Q6694,,
Charles Darwin,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Scientists,,1809,1859,50,On the Origin of Species,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q20124 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20124,Q1035,,
Ludovico Ariosto,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1474,1516,42,Orlando Furioso,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q48922 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48922,Q48900,,
Francesco Guicciardini,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1483,1521,38,Dialogue on the government of Florence,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3706685 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3706685,Q44601,,
Torquato Tasso,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1544,1580,36,Jerusalem Delivered,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1053313 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053313,Q168962,,
Edmund Spenser,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1552,1590,38,The Faerie Queene,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1813771 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813771,Q4352055,,
Ben Jonson,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1572,1601,29,Every Man in His Humour,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q5417547 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5417547,Q193857,,
Miguel de Cervantes,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1547,1605,58,Don Quixote,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q480 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q480,Q5682,,
Joseph Justus Scaliger,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1540,1606,66,Animadversiones in chronologica Eusebii,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q136323603 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136323603,Q315163,,
Lope de Vega,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1562,1619,57,Fuenteovejuna,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2608537 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2608537,Q165257,,
Pierre Corneille,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1606,1636,30,Le Cid,,,,,Wikidata P571 of Q637787 (inception),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637787,Q747,,
Pedro Calderón de la Barca,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1600,1651,51,The Mayor of Zalamea,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q686158 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686158,Q170800,,
John Milton,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1608,1667,59,Paradise Lost,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q28754 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28754,Q79759,,
John Dryden,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1631,1668,37,Essay of Dramatick Poesie,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2903757 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2903757,Q213355,,
Molière,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1622,1669,47,Tartuffe,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q205875 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205875,Q687,,
Jean Racine,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1639,1677,38,Phèdre,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q969098 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969098,Q742,,
John Bunyan,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1628,1678,50,The Pilgrim’s Progress,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q268211 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268211,Q108206,,
Pierre Bayle,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1647,1697,50,Dictionnaire Historique et Critique,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1210365 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210365,Q214816,,
Alexander Pope,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1688,1712,24,The Rape of the Lock,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1823920 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823920,Q164047,,
Joseph Addison,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1672,1713,41,"Cato, a Tragedy",,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q5053587 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5053587,Q206384,,
Daniel Defoe,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1660,1719,59,Robinson Crusoe,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q483034 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483034,Q40946,,
Jonathan Swift,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1667,1726,59,Gulliver's Travels,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q181488 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181488,Q41166,,
Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1724,1748,24,Der Messias,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q374581 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374581,Q154367,,
Montesquieu,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1689,1748,59,The Spirit of the Laws,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q514727 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514727,Q15975,,
Denis Diderot,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1713,1751,38,Encyclopédie,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q447 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447,Q448,,
Samuel Johnson,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1709,1755,46,A Dictionary of the English Language,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1210346 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210346,Q183266,,
Voltaire,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1694,1759,65,Candide,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q215894 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215894,Q9068,,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1712,1762,50,The Social Contract,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q190126 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190126,Q6527,,
Johann Joachim Winckelmann,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1717,1763,46,Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3974015 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3974015,Q57280,,
Oliver Goldsmith,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1728,1766,38,The Vicar of Wakefield,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1196205 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196205,Q236236,,
Johann Gottfried Herder,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1744,1772,28,Treatise on the Origin of Language,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q15888552 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15888552,Q155547,,
Adam Smith,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1723,1776,53,The Wealth of Nations,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q233562 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233562,Q9381,,
Edward Gibbon,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1737,1776,39,The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q313030 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313030,Q161841,,
Pierre-Augustin de Beaumarchais,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1732,1778,46,The Marriage of Figaro,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1199684 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199684,Q70326,,
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1729,1779,50,Nathan the Wise,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q286611 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286611,Q34628,,
Friedrich Schiller,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1759,1782,23,The Robbers,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q466333 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466333,Q22670,,
Vittorio Alfieri,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1749,1787,38,Saul,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q728702 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728702,Q296244,,
August von Kotzebue,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1761,1788,27,Adelaide of Wulfingen,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q22712287 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22712287,Q57242,,
Robert Burns,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1759,1788,29,Auld Lang Syne,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q211939 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211939,Q81960,,
Ludwig Tieck,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1773,1797,24,Der gestiefelte Kater,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1198710 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198710,Q57239,,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1772,1798,26,The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q708177 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708177,Q82409,,
François-Auguste-René de Chateaubriand,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1768,1802,34,Atala,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q753251 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753251,Q49767,,
Germaine de Staël,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1766,1807,41,Corinne ou l'Italie,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3693562 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3693562,Q123041,,
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1749,1808,59,Faust,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q29478 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29478,Q5879,,
Jacob Grimm,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1785,1812,27,Grimms' fairy tales,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q163027 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163027,Q6701,,
Lord Byron,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1788,1812,24,Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1072741 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072741,Q5679,,
Washington Irving,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1783,1818,35,Rip Van Winkle,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1129589 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129589,Q181667,,
Giacomo Leopardi,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1798,1819,21,L'Infinito,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3204179 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3204179,Q172599,,
Walter Scott,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1771,1819,48,Ivanhoe,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q840974 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840974,Q79025,,
Barthold Georg Niebuhr,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1776,1820,44,Inscriptiones nubienses,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q136479928 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136479928,Q60586,,
William Cobbett,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1763,1822,59,Rural Rides,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1768444 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768444,Q2141938,,
Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1804,1829,25,"Vie, poésies et pensées de Joseph Delorme",,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q42197271 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42197271,Q1063392,,
George Sand,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1804,1832,28,Indiana,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2534897 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534897,Q3816,,
Alfred Tennyson,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1809,1833,24,The Lady of Shalott,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q2091538 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091538,Q173869,,
Thomas Carlyle,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1795,1833,38,Sartor Resartus,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1134140 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134140,Q151403,,
Edward Bulwer-Lytton,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1803,1834,31,The Last Days of Pompeii,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q1218985 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1218985,Q318462,,
Honoré de Balzac,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1799,1835,36,Père Goriot,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q240617 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240617,Q9711,,
Hans Christian Andersen,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1805,1837,32,The Little Mermaid,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q11859 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11859,Q5673,,
Charles Dickens,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1812,1839,27,Oliver Twist,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q164974 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164974,Q5686,,
Alexandre Dumas,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1802,1844,42,The Three Musketeers,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q140527 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140527,Q38337,,
Heinrich Heine,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1797,1844,47,Germany. A Winter's Tale,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q261565 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261565,Q44403,,
Charlotte Brontë,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1816,1847,31,Jane Eyre,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q182961 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182961,Q127332,,
Ralph Waldo Emerson,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1803,1847,44,Concord Hymn,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q5158815 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158815,Q48226,,
William Makepeace Thackeray,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1811,1848,37,Vanity Fair,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q612836 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612836,Q167768,,
Nathaniel Hawthorne,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1804,1850,46,The Scarlet Letter,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q907568 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907568,Q69339,,
Elizabeth Gaskell,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1810,1851,41,Cranford,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q265100 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265100,Q229226,,
Alphonse de Lamartine,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1790,1852,62,Graziella,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q3115886 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3115886,Q188697,,
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1807,1855,48,The Song of Hiawatha,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q279486 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279486,Q152513,,
Victor Hugo,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1802,1862,60,Les Misérables,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q180736 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180736,Q535,,
Ernest Renan,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1823,1863,40,Life of Jesus,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q7701139 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7701139,Q157155,,
George Eliot,Historical genius (Cox 1926),Writers,,1819,1871,52,Middlemarch,,,,,Wikidata P577 of Q313129 (publication date),https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313129,Q131333,,